1. Prevalence

2. Explanations for overrepresentation

3. Comparison to heterosexual counterparts
    Victimization  Sexual behavior and health  Substance abuse  Mental health  Emergency housing access 

4. Response
    Federal policy  Advocacy  Non-profits 

5. See also

6. Notes

7. References

Research shows that a disproportionate number of homeless youth in the United States identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender, or LGBT.^[1][2][3][4] Researchers suggest that this is primarily a result of hostility or abuse from the young people's families leading to eviction or running away.^[5] In addition, LGBT youth are often at greater risk for certain dangers while homeless, including being the victims of crime,^[5] risky sexual behavior,^[6] substance abuse^[7] and mental health concerns.^[8]

Prevalence

Although specific estimates of the percentage of United States homeless youth who identify as LGBT vary widely,^[3][9][10] estimates generally fall somewhere between 11 and 40 percent.^[2][3] Barriers to a more definitive percentage include the lack of a nationally representative study^[11] and the possibility of underreporting due to stigma associated with identifying as LGBT.^[12] The city from which the sample is drawn for each study may also account for a difference in estimates.^[10] For example, one 2004 study at the University of Nebraska Lincoln noted that while estimates based on samples from Los Angeles range from 25 to 40 percent, a 1999 study of small and medium Midwestern cities concluded that only 6% of homeless youth there identified as LGBT. According to the authors of this study, geographical location could affect these numbers. For example, due to the higher risk of coming out in rural, midwestern cities, youth may be more likely to either stay closeted there or to migrate to larger cities. Further, the authors continue, the differences might reflect differences in the ages of the samples in the different studies, or other differences in sampling methodology. The study concludes that when taken together, a general consensus can be found among the studies that 20% of homeless youth in magnet studies identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual, with the number being slightly lower in nonmagnet cities.^[10] Finally, in a 2012 study, legal expert Nusrat Ventimiglia noted that studies focusing on the number of transgender youth who experience homelessness are less prevalent, and therefore including youth who identify as transgender but not as gay, lesbian or bisexual could result in an estimate of 40 percent.^[13]

Explanations for overrepresentation

Researchers have posed a few core explanations for the overrepresentation of LGBT youth in the general United States homeless youth population. LGBT youth are more likely to be homeless because they run away or are evicted due to family conflict surrounding their sexual orientation or behavior.^{[14][8][15][16][17][18]} This explanation is supported by a 2011 survey study of a representative Massachusetts high school sample that found that LGBT youth were no more likely to be homeless and living with their parents than non-LGBT youth. Therefore, according to the study's authors, it may not be that LGBT youth are more likely to be part of a homeless family, but rather that their higher rate of homelessness is caused by being more likely to be evicted or run away.^[1] A 2008 study using in-person interviews found that among youth who experienced homelessness for more than six months, lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth were more likely than heterosexual youth to report being verbally or physically harassed by family.^[19] In addition, LGBT youth are more likely to be homeless due to physical or sexual abuse experienced at home.^{[14][18][20][21][22]} The Hetrick-Martin Institute showed that among homeless queer girls aged 13–15 in New York City, that 50% of them were homeless because they were fleeing familial corrective rape.^[23] In the background of both these explanations is the fact that, since the family conflicts associated with LGBT youth occur relatively late in a youth's development, LGBT youth are much less likely to be placed in foster care.^[15] Those who are placed in a foster home find an unwelcoming or hostile environment, and a study on the New York City Child Welfare System reported 78% of LGBTQ youth were kicked out, or ran away from their foster home as a result.^[24] Finally, a number of other factors that lead to increased risk of homelessness in adolescents disproportionately affect LGBT youth, such as experiencing conflict at school.^[25]

Comparison to heterosexual counterparts

A large body of research details the differences in experiences between LGBT homeless youth and their heterosexual counterparts.

Victimization

Homeless youth in the United States who identify as LGBT are more likely to be victims of crime than heterosexual homeless youth.^[5] For example, a 2002 study using structured interviews of homeless youth in the Seattle area found that male LGBT youth were more often sexually victimized while homeless than non-LGBT male youth.^[26] A 2004 study using interviews of homeless youth in eight midwestern cities determined that lesbian adolescents experiencing homelessness were more likely to report physical victimization than their heterosexual female counterparts.^[17]

Sexual behavior and health

LGBT homeless youth are more likely to engage in survival sex, or prostitution as a last resort to meet basic needs.^[8][17][27] In particular, in a 2012 study, legal expert Nusrat Ventimiglia noted that participation in the sex industry, homelessness and lack of social support are particularly high among transgender women.^[28] A 2008 study that used interviews of substance-abusing homeless youth in the Southwestern United States determined a significant correlation between survival sex and HIV risk.^[8] Finally, a Seattle area 2002 study found that LGBT youth reported more lifetime sexual partners than their heterosexual counterparts, with double the number of LGBT youth reporting not using protection during sex 'all of the time.'^[6]

Substance abuse

Some research shows that LGBT homeless youth may be more likely to abuse substances than their heterosexual counterparts.^[7][17][27] For example, a 2002 study using structured interviews of homeless youth in the Seattle area found that in the past six months, sexual minority youth had used each tested substance (including marijuana, cocaine/crack, acid, ecstasy, and several others) more frequently than heterosexual youth.^[7] That being said, a 2008 study that used interviews of substance-abusing homeless youth in the Southwestern United States found no significant difference in drug use between heterosexual and gay, lesbian and transgender youth within its sample.^[8]

Mental health

Homeless youth who identify as LGBT are more likely than non-LGBT homeless youth to experience clinical depression or depressive symptoms as well as other mental health problems.^{[8][17][27][29]} A 2006 study using survey data of homeless lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in eight cities found that 62 percent of lesbian, gay and bisexual homeless youth had attempted suicide, compared to twenty-nine percent of non-lesbian, gay or bisexual youth.^[30] LGBT youth are 8.4 more times likely to attempt suicide if they are rejected by their family as a teen than if they are not rejected.^[31] In particular, a 2004 study based on interviews of homeless youth in the urban Midwest indicated that lesbian youth were more like than heterosexual females to show signs of post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation and attempts, and among gay, lesbian and heterosexual youth, lesbian adolescents were more likely to report caretaker and street victimization as well as mental health problems.^[17]

Emergency housing access

LGBT homeless youth experience limited access to emergency housing options that affirm their sexual orientation and/or gender identity,^[20] and according to a Note for the Family Court Review recommending policies regarding such housing options, as many as fifty percent of LGBT youth in emergency housing programs may be physically assaulted, a proportion further exacerbated at large shelters that house two hundred or more youth.^[32] In addition, a homeless youth emergency housing program's religious affiliation may lead to the denial of services to LGBT youth or the sending of youth to sexual orientation conversion therapy.^[33]

Response

Federal policy

Currently, federal funds are allocated to organizations that provide shelter and services to homeless youth in the United States through two major programs: The Runaway Youth Act, first implemented in 1974 and reauthorized in 2003 as the Runaway, Homeless and Missing Children Protection Act, and the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act.^[34] According to the Center for American Progress, there are currently no mandates that these funds be provided to shelters that do not discriminate against LGBT youth, meaning some federal funding is provided towards organizations with explicitly anti-gay or anti-transgender stances, which can lead to denial of care or the sending of youth to sexual orientation conversion therapy.^[33] The government spends $4.2 billion annually on homeless assistance programs, but less than 5% of this funding ($195 million) is allocated for homeless children and youth. Only part of this goes to serve unaccompanied homeless youth, and none is specifically allocated to target the needs of LGBT homeless youth.^[35] There are currently no federal programs or policies designed to specifically meet the needs of or protect LGBT Homeless youth in the United States.^[36]

Advocacy

Many individuals and organizations, including the Center for American Progress and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, advocate for change to institutional policies regarding homelessness among LGBT youth in the United States. The goals and visions of these activists include:

• Federally mandating that organizations receiving federal funding do not discriminate against LGBT youth^[37][38][39]
• Mandating LGBT-specific training for homeless youth service providers^[39][40]
• Establishing anti-discrimination policies among all relevant federal agencies for LGBT youth^[41]
• Creating a federal "healthy families" program that provides counseling to families with LGBT children^[42]
• Working to eliminate bullying of LGBT students in schools^[43]
• Increasing federal research on this issue^[44][45]
• The establishing of shelters and programs specifically serving LGBT homeless youth^[45][46]
• In shelters and programs for homeless youth, using intake forms that allow but do not require youths to identify their sexual orientation and gender identity, as well as ensuring the forms do not make assumptions about the youth’s sexual orientation or gender identity.^[47]
• Placing occupancy caps on homeless shelters to reduce violence^[48]
• Ensuring that LGBT youth are not placed with another youth that is overtly hostile or demeaning of LGBT individuals.^[47]
• Establishing private shower facilities in shelters^[49][50]
• Segregating genders in shelter by self-identified gender, rather than genitalia^[51]
• For those shelters requiring dress codes, making such codes gender-neutral^[52]

Non-profits

There are less than a dozen nonprofit organizations in the nation that focus on providing LGBT homeless youth specialized services, and most of them are on the coasts.^[53] In a 2012 web-based survey of homeless youth organizations, 94% of respondents reported serving LGBT homeless youth within the past year.^[54] Funding was the most common factor cited as an obstacle to combating homelessness among LGBT youth.^[55] Prominent shelters specifically for LGBT homeless youth include the Ali Forney Center, named after an African-American transgender teenager who experienced homelessness and was murdered in 1997,^[56] and the Ruth Ellis Center.^[57]

See also

• Violence against LGBT people in the United States
• LGBT history in the United States
• Family estrangement
• Homelessness in the United States
• Social exclusion

Notes

References

• Christiani, A., Hudson, A. L., Nyamathi, A., Mutere, M., & Sweat, J. (2008). Attitudes of Homeless and Drug-Using Youth Regarding Barriers and Facilitators in Delivery of Quality and Culturally Sensitive Health Care. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 21(3), 154–163. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2008.00139.x
• Cochran, B. N., Stewart, A. J., Ginzler, J. A., & Cauce, A. (2002). Challenges Faced by Homeless Sexual Minorities: Comparison of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Homeless Adolescents With Their Heterosexual Counterparts. American Journal of Public Health, 92(5), 773-777.
• Corliss, H. L., Goodenow, C. S., Nichols, L., & Austin, S. (2011). High Burden of Homelessness Among Sexual-Minority Adolescents: Findings From a Representative Massachusetts High School Sample. American Journal of Public Health, 101(9), 1683-1689. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300155
• Durso, L. E., & Gates, G. J. (2012). Serving Our Youth: Findings from a National Survey of Services Providers Working with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth Who Are Homeless or At Risk of Becoming Homeless. The Williams Institute.
• Gangamma, R., Slesnick, N., Toviessi, P., & Serovich, J. (2008). Comparison of HIV Risks among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Heterosexual Homeless Youth. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 37(4), 456-464. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9171-9
• Hunter, E. (2008). What’s Good for the Gays is Good for the Gander: Making Homeless Youth Housing Safer for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth. Family Court Review, 46(3), 543-557. doi:10.1111/j.1744-1617.2008.00220.x
• Mottet, L., & Ohle, J. M. (2003). Transitioning Our Shelters: A Guide to Making Homeless Shelters Safe for Transgender People. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
• Quintana, N. S., Rosenthal, J., & Krehley, J. (2010). On the Streets. Center for American Progress.
• Ray, Nicholas, and Colby Berger. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth: An epidemic of homelessness. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute, 2007.
• Rew, L., Whittaker, T. A., Taylor-Seehafer, M. A., & Smith, L. R. (2005). Sexual Health Risks and Protective Resources in Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Homeless Youth. Journal For Specialists In Pediatric Nursing, 10(1), 11-19.
• Van Leeuwen, J. M., Boyle, S., Salomonsen-Sautel, S., Baker, D. N., Garcia, J. T., Hoffman, A., & Hopfer, C. J. (2006). Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Homeless Youth: An Eight-City Public Health Perspective. Child Welfare, 85(2), 151–170.
• Ventimiglia, N. (2012). “LGBT Selective Victimization: Unprotected Youth on the Streets.” Journal of Law in Society, 13(2): 439-453.
• Whitbeck, Les B.; Chen, Xiaojin; Hoyt, Dan R.; Tyler, Kimberly; and Johnson, Kurt D., "Mental Disorder, Subsistence Strategies, and Victimization among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Homeless and Runaway Adolescents" (2004). Sociology Department, Faculty Publications. Paper 53.

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