| 词条 | Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 |
| 释义 |
| name = Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 | fullname = To delay the implementation of certain provisions of the Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 and to reform the National Association of Registered Agents and Brokers, and for other purposes. | acronym = | nickname = | introduced in the = 113th | sponsored by = Sen. Robert Menendez (D, NJ) | number of co-sponsors = 3 | public law url = | cite public law = | cite statutes at large = | acts affected = Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012, and others. | acts repealed = | title affected = | sections created = | sections affected = {{USC|42|4014}}, {{Usc-title-chap|5|5}}, {{USC|42|4015}}, {{USC|42|4001}} et seq., {{USC|42|4017}}, and others. | agenciesaffected = United States Congress, United States Senate, Executive Office of the President, United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of the Treasury, Federal Emergency Management Agency | authorizationsofappropriations = an unlimited amount | appropriations = | leghisturl = | introducedin = Senate | introducedbill = {{USBill|113|s|1926}} | introducedby = Sen. Robert Menendez (D, NJ) | introduceddate = January 14, 2014 | committees = | passedbody1 = Senate | passeddate1 = January 30, 2014 | passedvote1 = [https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=113&session=2&vote=00019 Roll Call Vote 19]: 67–32 | passedbody2 = | passedas2 = | passeddate2 = | passedvote2 = | conferencedate = | passedbody3 = | passeddate3 = | passedvote3 = | agreedbody3 = | agreeddate3 = | agreedvote3 = | agreedbody4 = | agreeddate4 = | agreedvote4 = | passedbody4 = | passeddate4 = | passedvote4 = | signedpresident = | signeddate = | unsignedpresident = | unsigneddate = | vetoedpresident = | vetoeddate = | overriddenbody1 = | overriddendate1 = | overriddenvote1 = | overriddenbody2 = | overriddendate2 = | overriddenvote2 = | amendments = | SCOTUS cases = }} The Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 ({{USBill|113|s|1926}}) was a United States Congress bill that would have delayed the increases in flood insurance premiums that were part of the Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012.[1][2] The reforms from that law were meant to require flood insurance premiums to actually reflect the real risk of flooding, which led to an increase in premiums.[3] At the time of the bill, the National Flood Insurance Program was $24 billion in debt.[3] The bill passed in the United States Senate during the 113th United States Congress, but was superseded by a similar bill which had originated in the United States House of Representatives. That bill ultimately became law as the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2013.[3] BackgroundNational Flood Insurance Program{{main|National Flood Insurance Program}}The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is a program created by the Congress of the United States in 1968 through the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (P.L. 90-448). The program enables property owners in participating communities to purchase insurance protection from the government against losses from flooding. This insurance is designed to provide an insurance alternative to disaster assistance to meet the escalating costs of repairing damage to buildings and their contents caused by floods.[4] The National Flood Insurance Program serves close to 5 million people.[1] When the program began in 1968, there were few private insurers willing to cover floods due to the associated risks.[5] At present, approximately 5.5 million properties are covered by the program, with twenty percent of them receiving discount rates of less than half what a private insurance company would charge them.[5] According to critics of the program, the government's subsidized insurance plan "encouraged building, and rebuilding, in vulnerable coastal areas and floodplains."[5] Stephen Ellis, of the group taxpayers for Common Sense, points to "properties that flooded 17 or 18 times that were still covered under the federal insurance program" without premiums going up.[5] Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012The Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 was "designed to allow premiums to rise to reflect the true risk of living in high-flood areas."[1] The bill was supposed to deal with the "insolvency" of the National Flood Insurance Program by requiring the premiums to reflect real flood risks.[6] The result was a 10 fold increase in premiums.[1] At present, $527 billion worth of property is in the coastal floodplain.[6] The federal government heavily underwrites the flood insurance rates for these areas. The law "ordered FEMA to stop subsidizing flood insurance for second homes and businesses, and for properties that had been swamped multiple times."[5] These changes were to occur gradually over the course of five years. FEMA was also instructed to do a study on the affordability of this process, a study which it has failed to complete.[5] Provisions of the billThe bill would delay the flood insurance premium increases mandated under the Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 for four years.[1] During that time, the Federal Emergency Management Agency is supposed to come up with a plan to make the premiums cheaper and reassess its maps of areas that are likely to flood (and therefore require flood insurance).[1] In addition to delaying the onset of higher premiums, the bill would allow homeowners who sell their homes to pass the lower flood insurance premiums on to the next homeowner.[6] Procedural historyThe Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 was introduced into the United States Senate on January 14, 2014 by Sen. Robert Menendez (D, NJ).[7] Senator Johnny Isakson (R-GA) was the main Republican co-sponsor of the bill.[1] The bill was debated and considered on January 27, 28, and 29th, 2014.[7] On January 30, 2014, the Senate voted in [https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=113&session=2&vote=00019 Roll Call Vote 19] to pass the bill 67–32.[1] The White House originally released a statement opposing the bill, but changed its mind and supported the bill.[1] Speaker of the House John Boehner indicated that that House might consider the Senate bill.[1] Debate and discussionSupporters of the bill argue that the delay is necessary for economic reasons.[1] They argue that without the delay, flood insurance premiums will increase so much that many of the home and business owners they apply to will be unable to afford coverage and have to leave.[1] Constituents who use the program or are afraid they will be drawn into a floodplain have called their congresspersons to lobby for this bill.[5] Opponents object to the delay because the National Flood Insurance Program is already $24 billion in debt and this change would hurt needed reforms to this program.[1] Opponents of undoing the insurance reforms are described as including budget hawks, insurance companies, scientists, and environmentalists.[5] Alternative proposalsSenator Pat Toomey (R-PA) offered an amendment that would have set up a graduated phase in of a maximum increase of 25% per year.[6] The goal of the amendment was to give people time to change their plans by moving, saving more money, getting errors related to floodplain maps worked out, and so forth. However, the amendment failed 34–65.[6] Frank Nutter, the president of the Reinsurance Associate of America, suggested pursuing a plan of keeping the scheduled insurance premium increases, but targeting the homeowners that are "most in need, while maintaining the benefits of risk-based rates and incentivizing community and individual mitigation."[6]Professor Howard Kunreuther of the Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center at the University of Pennsylvania favored of keeping the Biggert–Waters reforms.[5] He and his colleagues suggest using a voucher system instead that would help needy people in exchange for them taking action to make their homes safer and less prone to flood damage.[5] Their proposed reforms are explained in the working paper Addressing Affordability in the National Flood Insurance Program. See also
Notes/References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite news|last=Ferraro|first=Thomas|title=U.S. Senate passes bill to delay hikes in flood insurance rates|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/30/us-usa-insurance-flooding-idUSBREA0T1WK20140130|accessdate=31 January 2014|newspaper=Reuters|date=30 January 2014}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=S. 1926 – Summary|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th/senate-bill/1926|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=31 January 2014}} 3. ^{{cite news|last=Kasperowicz|first=Pete|title=House retreats from 2012 flood reforms|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/199900-house-votes-to-retreat-from-2012-flood-reforms|accessdate=6 March 2014|newspaper=The Hill|date=4 March 2014}} 4. ^{{cite web| author=Federal Emergency Management Agency |title=A Unified National Program for Floodplain Management |date=March 1986 |url=http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1503-20490-9177/fema100.pdf |accessdate=2014-11-08}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite news|last=hanscom|first=Greg|title=Flood pressure: Climate disasters drown FEMA's insurance plans|url=http://grist.org/cities/flood-pressure-how-climate-disasters-put-femas-flood-insurance-program-underwater/|accessdate=31 January 2014|newspaper=Grist|date=13 January 2014}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite news|last=Uhlenbrock|first=Kristan|title=Despite Hazard of Sea Level Rise, Senate Halts Flood Insurance Reforms|url=http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/01/31/3230141/senate-flood-insurance/|accessdate=31 January 2014|newspaper=ThinkProgress|date=31 January 2014}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|title=S. 1926 – All Actions|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/1926/all-actions/|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=31 January 2014}} External links{{wikisource|Portal:Acts of the United States Congresses/Acts of the 113th United States Congress}}
4 : Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress|Disaster preparedness in the United States|Flood insurance|Flood control acts in the United States |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。