“Rogue River (Oregon)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Rogue River (Tolowa: yan-shuu-chit’ taa-ghii~-li~’,^[2] Takelma: tak-elam^[3]) in southwestern Oregon in the United States flows about {{convert|215|mi|km}} in a generally westward direction from the Cascade Range to the Pacific Ocean. Known for its salmon runs, whitewater rafting, and rugged scenery, it was one of the original eight rivers named in the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968. Beginning near Crater Lake, which occupies the caldera left by the explosive volcanic eruption of Mount Mazama, the river flows through the geologically young High Cascades and the older Western Cascades, another volcanic province. Further west, the river passes through multiple exotic terranes of the more ancient Klamath Mountains. In the Kalmiopsis Wilderness section of the Rogue basin are some of the world's best examples of rocks that form the Earth's mantle. Near the mouth of the river, the only dinosaur fragments ever discovered in Oregon were found in the Otter Point Formation, along the coast of Curry County.

People have lived along the Rogue River and its tributaries for at least 8,500 years. European explorers made first contact with Native Americans (Indians) toward the end of the 18th century and began beaver trapping and other activities in the region. Clashes, sometimes deadly, occurred between the natives and the trappers and later between the natives and European-American miners and settlers. These struggles culminated with the Rogue River Wars of 1855–56 and removal of most of the natives to reservations outside the basin. After the war, settlers expanded into remote areas of the watershed and established small farms along the river between Grave Creek and the mouth of the Illinois River. They were relatively isolated from the outside world until 1895, when the Post Office Department added mail-boat service along the lower Rogue. As of 2010, the Rogue has one of the two remaining rural mail-boat routes in the United States.

Dam building and removal along the Rogue has generated controversy for more than a century; an early fish-blocking dam (Ament) was dynamited by vigilantes, mostly disgruntled salmon fishermen. By 2009, all but one of the main-stem dams downstream of a huge flood-control structure {{convert|157|mi|km}} from the river mouth had been removed. Aside from dams, threats to salmon include high water temperatures. Although sometimes too warm for salmonids, the main stem Rogue is relatively clean, ranking between 85 and 97 (on a scale of 0 to 100) on the Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI).

Although the Rogue Valley near Medford is partly urban, the average population density of the Rogue watershed is only about 32 people per square mile (12 per km²). Several historic bridges cross the river near the more populated areas. Many public parks, hiking trails, and campgrounds are near the river, which flows largely through forests, including national forests. Biodiversity in many parts of the basin is high; the Klamath-Siskiyou temperate coniferous forests, which extend into the southwestern Rogue basin, are among the four most diverse of this kind in the world.

Course

The Rogue River begins at Boundary Springs on the border between Klamath and Douglas counties near the northern edge of Crater Lake National Park. Although it changes direction many times, it flows generally west for {{convert|215|mi|km}} from the Cascade Range through the Rogue River – Siskiyou National Forest and the Klamath Mountains to the Pacific Ocean at Gold Beach. Communities along its course include Union Creek, Prospect, Trail, Shady Cove, Gold Hill and Rogue River, all in Jackson County; Grants Pass and Galice in Josephine County; and Agness, Wedderburn and Gold Beach in Curry County. Significant tributaries include the South Fork Rogue River, Elk Creek, Bear Creek, the Applegate River, and the Illinois River.^[4] Arising at {{convert|5320|ft|m|0}} above sea level, the river loses more than {{convert|1|mi|km}} in elevation by the time it reaches the Pacific.^[5]^[6]

It was one of the original eight rivers named in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968, which included {{convert|84|mi|km|0}} of the Rogue, from {{convert|7|mi|km|1}} west of Grants Pass to {{convert|11|mi|km|0}} east of the mouth at Gold Beach.^[7] In 1988, an additional {{convert|40|mi|km|0}} of the Rogue between Crater Lake National Park and the unincorporated community of Prospect was named Wild and Scenic.^[8] Of the river's total length, {{convert|124|mi|km|0}}, about 58 percent is Wild and Scenic.^[7]^[8] The Rogue is one of only three rivers that start in or east of the Cascade Range in Oregon and reach the Pacific Ocean.{{sfn|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001|pp=162–63}} The others are the Umpqua River and Klamath River. These three Southern Oregon rivers drain mountains south of the Willamette Valley; the Willamette River and its tributaries drain north along the Willamette Valley into the Columbia River,{{sfn|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001|pp=162–63}} which starts in British Columbia rather than Oregon.

Discharge

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) operates five stream gauges along the Rogue River. They are located, from uppermost to lowermost, near Prospect,^[9] Eagle Point,^[10] Central Point,^[11] Grants Pass,^[12] and Agness. Between 1960 and 2007, the average discharge recorded by the Agness gauge at river mile (RM) 29.7 or river kilometer (RK) 47.8 was {{convert|6622|cuft/s|m3/s|0}}. The maximum discharge during this period was {{convert|290000|cuft/s|m3/s}} on December 23, 1964, and the minimum discharge was {{convert|608|cuft/s|m3/s|0}} on July 9 and 10, 1968. This was from a drainage basin of {{convert|3939|sqmi|km2|0}}, or about 76 percent of the entire Rogue watershed.^[13] The maximum flow occurred between December 1964 and January 1965 during the Christmas flood of 1964, which was rated by the National Weather Service as one of Oregon's top 10 weather events of the 20th century.^[14]

Watershed

Draining {{convert|5156|mi2|km2}}, the Rogue River watershed covers parts of Jackson, Josephine, Curry, Douglas, and Klamath counties in southwestern Oregon and Siskiyou and Del Norte counties in northern California.{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=summary|p=i}} The steep, rugged basin, stretching from the western flank of the Cascade Range to the northeastern flank of the Siskiyou Mountains, varies in elevation from {{convert|9485|ft|m}} at the summit of Mount McLoughlin in the Cascades to {{convert|0|ft|m}}, where the basin meets the ocean.{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=summary|pp=ii}} The basin borders the watersheds of the Williamson River, Upper Klamath Lake, and the upper Klamath River on the east; the lower Klamath, Smith, and Chetco rivers on the south; the North Umpqua, South Umpqua, Coquille, and Sixes rivers on the north, and the Pacific Ocean on the west.{{sfn|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001|p=168}}

In 2000, Jackson County had a population of about 181,300, most of them living in the Bear Creek Valley cities of Ashland (19,500), Talent (5,600), Phoenix (4,100), Medford (63,200), Central Point (12,500), and Jacksonville (2,200).{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=chapter 1|pp=2–3}} Others in Jackson County lived in the cities of Shady Cove (2,300), Eagle Point (4,800), Butte Falls (400) and Rogue River (1,800). Josephine County had a population of 75,700, including the cities of Grants Pass (23,000) and Cave Junction (1,400).{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=chapter 1|pp=2–3}} Gold Beach (1,900) is the only city in Curry County (21,100) in the Rogue River basin. Only small, sparsely inhabited parts of the watershed are in Klamath and Douglas counties in Oregon{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=chapter 1|pp=2–3}} and Siskiyou and Del Norte counties in California.^[15] The watershed's average population density is about 32 people per square mile (12.4/km²).{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|p=584}}

Many overlapping entities including city, county, state, and federal governments share jurisdiction for parts of the watershed. About 60 percent of the basin is publicly owned and is managed by the United States Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and the United States Bureau of Reclamation. Under provisions of the federal Clean Water Act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), assisted by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) and other agencies in both states, is charged with controlling water pollution in the basin.{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=summary|pp=ii}} United States National Forests and other forests cover about 83 percent of the basin; another 6 percent is grassland, 3 percent shrub, and only 0.2 percent wetland.{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|pp=568–73}} Urban areas account for slightly less than 1 percent and farms for about 6 percent.{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|pp=568–73}}

Precipitation in the Rogue basin varies greatly from place to place and season to season. At Gold Beach on the Pacific Coast it averages about {{convert|80|in|mm}} a year, whereas at Ashland, which is inland, it averages about {{convert|20|in|mm}}.{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|pp=568–73}} The average annual precipitation for the entire basin is about {{convert|38|in|mm}}.{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|pp=568–73}} Most of this falls in winter and spring, and summers are dry.{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|pp=568–73}} At high elevations in the Cascades, much of the precipitation arrives as snow and infiltrates permeable volcanic soils; snowmelt contributes to stream flows in the upper basin during the dry months.{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=chapter 1|pp=2–3}} Along the Illinois River in the lower basin, most of the precipitation falls as rain on shallow soils; rapid runoff leads to high flows during winter storms and low flows during the dry summer.{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=chapter 1|pp=2–3}} Average monthly temperatures for the whole basin range from about {{convert|68|F|C}} in July and August to about {{convert|40|F|C}} in December.{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|pp=568–73}} Within the basin, local temperatures vary with elevation.{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|pp=568–73}}

Geology

High and Western Cascades

Older and more deeply eroded, the Western Cascades are a range of volcanoes lying west of and merging with the High Cascades. They consist of partly altered volcanic rock from vents in both volcanic provinces, including varied lavas and ash tuffs ranging in age from 0 to 40 million years.^[17] As the Cascades rose, the Rogue maintained its flow to the ocean by down-cutting, which created steep narrow gorges and rapids in many places. Bear Creek, a Rogue tributary that flows south to north, marks the boundary between the Western Cascades to the east and the Klamath Mountains to the west.{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|pp=568–73}}

Klamath Mountains

Much more ancient than the upstream mountains are the exotic terranes of the Klamath Mountains to the west. Not until plate tectonics separated North America from Europe and North Africa and pushed it westward did the continent acquire, bit by bit, what became the Pacific Northwest, including Oregon. The Klamath Mountains consist of multiple terranes—former volcanic islands and coral reefs and bits of subduction zones, mantle, and seafloor—that merged offshore over vast stretches of time before colliding with North America as a single block about 150 to 130 million years ago. Much of the Rogue River watershed, including the Rogue River canyon, the Kalmiopsis Wilderness, the Illinois River basin, and Mount Ashland, are composed of exotic terranes.{{sfn|Bishop|2003|pp=52–56}}

Among the oldest rocks in Oregon, some of the formations in these terranes date to the Triassic, nearly 250 million years ago.{{sfn|Orr|Orr|1999|pp=51–78}} Between 165 and 170 million years ago, in the Jurassic, faulting consolidated the Klamath terranes offshore during what geologists call the Siskiyou orogeny. This three- to five-million-year episode of intense tectonic activity pushed sedimentary rocks deep enough into the mantle to melt them and then forced them to the surface as granitic plutons. Belts of plutons, which contain gold and other precious metals, run through the Klamaths and include the Ashland pluton, the Grayback batholith east of Oregon Caves National Monument, the Grants Pass pluton, the Gold Hill pluton, the Jacksonville pluton, and others.{{sfn|Bishop|2003|pp=52–56}} Miners have worked rich deposits of gold, silver, copper, nickel, and other metals in several districts of the Klamaths. Placer mining in the mid-19th century soon led to lode mining for gold. Aside from a mine in eastern Oregon, the Greenback Mine along Grave Creek, a Rogue tributary, was the most productive gold mine in Oregon.{{sfn|Orr|Orr|1999|pp=51–78}}

At the mouth of the Rogue River, along the coast of Curry County, is the Otter Point Formation, a mélange of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks such as shales, sandstones, and chert. Although the rocks formed in the Jurassic, evidence suggests that they faulted north as part of the Gold Beach Terrane after the Klamaths merged with North America. Oregon's only dinosaur fragments, those of a hadrosaur or duck-billed dinosaur, were found here. In the mid-1960s, a geologist also discovered the beak and teeth of an ichthyosaur in the Otter Point Formation.{{sfn|Bishop|2003|pp=52–56}} In 2018, a geologist from the University of Oregon found a toe bone of a plant-eating dinosaur near Mitchell in the east-central part of the state where the coast lay 100 million years ago. This discovery has also been billed as the first dinosaur fossil find in Oregon.^[18]

History

First peoples

Archaeologists believe that the first humans to inhabit the Rogue River region were nomadic hunters and gatherers.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|pp=5-6}} Radiocarbon dating suggests that they arrived in southwestern Oregon at least 8,500 years ago, and that at least 1,500 years before the first contact with whites, the natives established permanent villages along streams.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|pp=5-6}} The home villages of various groups shared many cultural elements, such as food, clothing, and shelter types.{{sfn|Schwartz|1997|p=5}} Intermarriage was common, and many people understood dialects of more than one of the three language groups spoken in the region.{{sfn|Schwartz|1997|p=5}} The Native Americans (Indians) included Tututni people near the coast and, further upstream, groups of Shasta Costa, Dakubetede, Takelma, Shasta, and Latgawa.{{sfn|Schwartz|1997|p=7}} Houses in the villages varied somewhat, but were often about {{convert|12|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|15|to|20|ft|m}} long, framed with posts sunk into the ground, and covered with split sugar pine or red cedar planks.{{sfn|Schwartz|1997|p=13}} People left the villages during about half of the year to gather camas bulbs, sugar-pine bark, acorns, and berries, and hunted deer and elk to supplement their main food, salmon.{{sfn|Schwartz|1997|pp=15–17}} The total early-1850s native population of southern Oregon, including the Umpqua, Coos, Coquille, and Chetco watersheds as well as the Rogue, is estimated to have been about 3,800.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|pp=5-6}} The population before the arrival of explorers and European diseases is thought to have been at least one-third larger, but "there is insufficient evidence to estimate aboriginal populations prior to the time of first white contact... ".{{sfn|Douthit|2002|pp=5-6}}

Culture clash

The first recorded encounter between whites and coastal southwestern Oregon Indians occurred in 1792 when British explorer George Vancouver anchored off Cape Blanco, about {{convert|30|mi|km}} north of the mouth of the Rogue River, and Indians visited the ship in canoes.{{sfn|Schwartz|1997|pp=20–25}} In 1826, Alexander Roderick McLeod of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) led an overland expedition from HBC's regional headquarters in Fort Vancouver to as far south as the Rogue.{{sfn|Schwartz|1997|pp=20–25}} In 1827 an HBC expedition led by Peter Skene Ogden made the first direct contact between whites and the inland Rogue River natives when he crossed the Siskiyou Mountains to look for beaver.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|pp=11–19}} Friction between Indians and whites was relatively minor during these early encounters; however, in 1834 an HBC expedition led by Michel Laframboise was reported to have killed 11 Rogue River natives, and shortly thereafter a party led by an American trapper, Ewing Young, shot and killed at least two more.{{sfn|Schwartz|1997|pp=20–25}} The name Rogue River apparently began with French fur trappers who called the river La Riviere aux Coquins because they regarded the natives as rogues (coquins).{{sfn|McArthur|McArthur|2003|p=822}}{{#tag:ref|The Oregon Territorial Legislature changed the name to Gold River in 1854 but in response to opposition from Rogue River settlers changed it back to Rogue River a year later.{{sfn|Dorband|2006|pp=58–63}}|group=n}} In 1835, Rogue River people killed four whites in a party of eight who were traveling from Oregon to California. Two years later, two of the survivors and others on a cattle drive organized by Young killed the first two Indians they met north of the Klamath River.{{sfn|Schwartz|1997|pp=20–25}}

The number of whites entering the Rogue River watershed greatly increased after 1846, when a party of 15 men led by Jesse Applegate developed a southern alternative to the Oregon Trail; the new trail was used by emigrants headed for the Willamette Valley.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|p=58}} Later called the Applegate Trail, it passed through the Rogue and Bear Creek valleys and crossed the Cascade Range between Ashland and south of Upper Klamath Lake.{{sfn|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001|pp=14–15}} From 90 to 100 wagons and 450 to 500 emigrants used the new trail later in 1846, passing through Rogue Indian homelands between the headwaters of Bear Creek and the future site of Grants Pass and crossing the Rogue about {{convert|4.5|mi|km}} downstream of it.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|p=60}} Despite fears on both sides, violence in the watershed in the 1830s and 1840s was limited; "Indians seemed interested in speeding whites on their way, and whites were happy to get through the region without being attacked."{{sfn|Douthit|2002|p=63}}

In 1847, the Whitman massacre and the Cayuse War in what became southeastern Washington raised fears among white settlers throughout the region and led to the formation of large volunteer militias organized to fight Indians, though no whites were yet living in the Rogue River drainage.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|pp=66–68}} Along the Rogue, tensions intensified in 1848 at the start of the California Gold Rush, when hundreds of men from the Oregon Territory passed through the Rogue Valley on their way to the Sacramento River basin.{{sfn|Schwartz|1997|pp=26–27}} After Indians attacked a group of returning miners along the Rogue in 1850, former territorial governor Joseph Lane negotiated a peace treaty with Apserkahar, a leader of the Takelma Indians. It promised protection of Indian rights and safe passage through the Rogue Valley for white miners and settlers.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|pp=68–69}}

The peace did not last. Miners began prospecting for gold in the watershed, including a Bear Creek tributary called Jackson Creek, where they established a mining camp in 1852 at the site of what later became Jacksonville.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|pp=78–80}} Indian attacks on miners that year led to U.S. Army intervention and fighting near Table Rock between Indians and the combined forces of professional soldiers and volunteer miner militias.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|pp=76–77}} John P. Gaines, the new territorial governor, negotiated a new treaty with some but not all of the Indian bands, removing them from Bear Creek and other tributaries on the south side of the main stem.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|pp=76–77}} At about the same time, more white emigrants, including women and children, were settling in the region. By 1852, about 28 donation land claims had been filed in the Rogue Valley.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|p=80}} Further clashes in 1853 led to the Treaty with the Rogue River (1853) that established the Table Rock Indian Reservation across the river from the federal Fort Lane.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|p=106}} As the white population increased and Indian losses of land, food sources, and personal safety mounted, bouts of violence upstream and down continued through 1854–55, culminating in the Rogue River War of 1855–56.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|pp=124–32}}

Suffering from cold, hunger, and disease on the Table Rock Reservation, a group of Takelma returned to their old village at the mouth of Little Butte Creek in October 1855. After a volunteer militia attacked them, killing 23 men, women, and children, they fled downriver, attacking whites from Gold Hill to Galice Creek.^[19] Confronted by volunteers and regular army troops, the Indians at first repulsed them; however, after nearly 200 volunteers launched an all-day assault on the remaining natives, the war ended at Big Bend (at RM 35 or RK 56) on the lower river.^[19] By then, fighting had also ended near the coast, where, before retreating upstream, a separate group of natives had killed about 30 whites and burned their cabins near what later became Gold Beach.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|pp=150–153}}

Most of the Rogue River Indians were removed in 1856 to reservations further north. About 1,400 were sent to the Coast Reservation, later renamed the Siletz Reservation.{{sfn|Schwartz|1997|pp=146–49}}{{sfn|Douthit|2002|pp=157–58}} To protect 400 natives still in danger of attack at Table Rock, Joel Palmer, the Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs, ordered their removal, involving a forced march of 33 days, to the newly established Grande Ronde Reservation in Yamhill County, Oregon.{{sfn|Douthit|2002|pp=147, 163}}

Mail boats

Propelled by rowing, poling, pushing, pulling, and sometimes by sail, the mail boat delivered letters and small packages, including groceries from Wedderburn, where a post office was established later in 1895.{{sfn|Meier|Meier|1995|pp=20–25}} In 1897, the department established a post office near the confluence of the Rogue and the Illinois rivers, {{convert|8|mi|km}} downriver from Illahe. The postmaster named the office Agnes after his daughter, but a transcription error added an extra "s" and the name became Agness.{{sfn|Meier|Meier|1995|pp=20–25}} Upriver, a third post office, established in 1903, was named Marial after another postmaster's daughter. Marial, at (RM) 48 (RK 77), is about {{convert|13|mi|km}} upriver from Illahe and {{convert|21|mi|km}} from Agness.^[20] To avoid difficult rapids, carriers delivered the mail by mule between Illahe and Marial, and after 1908 most mail traveling beyond Agness went by mule. The Illahe post office closed in 1943,{{sfn|Meier|Meier|1995|p=80}} and when the Marial post office closed in 1954, "it was the last postal facility in the United States to still be served only by mule pack trains."{{sfn|Meier|Meier|1995|p=28}}

The first mail boat was an {{convert|18|ft|m|adj=on}}, double-ended craft made of cedar.{{sfn|Meier|Meier|1995|pp=20–25}} By 1930, the mail-boat fleet consisted of three {{convert|26|ft|m|adj=on}} boats, equipped with 60-horsepower Model A Ford engines and designed to carry 10 passengers.{{sfn|Meier|Meier|1995|p=58}} By the 1960s, rudderless jetboats powered by twin or triple 280-horsepower engines, began to replace propeller-driven boats. The jetboats could safely negotiate shallow riffles, and the largest could carry nearly 50 passengers.{{sfn|Meier|Meier|1995|pp=103–08}} Rogue mail-boat excursions, which had been growing more popular for several decades, began in the 1970s to include trips to as far upriver as Blossom Bar, {{convert|20|mi|km}} above Agness.{{sfn|Meier|Meier|1995|pp=121–23}} As of 2010, jet boats, functioning mainly as excursion craft, still deliver mail between Gold Beach and Agness.^[29] The Rogue River mail boat company is "one of only two mail carriers delivering the mail by boat in the United States";{{sfn|Meier|Meier|1995|p=150}} the other is along the Snake River in eastern Oregon.{{sfn|Meier|Meier|1995|p=150}}^[21]

Commercial fishing

For thousands of years, salmon was a reliable food source for Native Americans living along the Rogue. Salmon migrations were so huge that early settlers claimed they could hear the fish moving upstream. These large runs continued into the 20th century despite damage to spawning beds caused by gold mining in the 1850s and large-scale commercial fishing that began shortly thereafter. The fishing industry fed demands for salmon in the growing cities of Portland and San Francisco and for canned salmon in England.{{sfn|Dorband|2006|pp=58–63}}

In 1877, in connection with his commercial fishery, Hume built a hatchery at Ellensburg (Gold Beach), which released fish into the river. In its first year of operation, Hume collected 215,000 salmon eggs and released about 100,000 fry.{{sfn|Taylor|1999|p=206}} After the first hatchery was destroyed by fire in 1893, Hume built a new hatchery in 1895, and in 1897 he co-operated with the United States Fish Commission in building and operating an egg-collecting station at the mouth of Elk Creek on the upper Rogue. In 1899, he built a hatchery near Wedderburn, across the river from Gold Beach, and until the time of his death in 1908 he had salmon eggs shipped to it from the Elk Creek station.{{sfn|Dodds|1959|p=132}}{{#tag:ref|To protect the eggs from hatching en route, they were packed in crates of wet moss, and the crates were packed in boxes filled with ice and sawdust. The boxes were shipped by horse-drawn wagon to Medford, then by train to Portland or San Francisco, then by steamer to Hume's hatchery {{convert|150|mi|km}} downstream from the egg-collecting station.{{sfn|Dorband|2006|pp=58–63}} The eggs could not be shipped via the Rogue itself because parts of it were largely unnavigable.{{sfn|Dodds|1959|p=155}}|group=n}}

Based on variations in the size of the yearly catch, Hume and others believed his methods of fish-propagation to be successful.^[22]{{sfn|Dodds|1959|pp=239–40}} However, as salmon runs declined over time despite the hatcheries, recreational fishing interests began to oppose large-scale operations. In 1910, a state referendum banned commercial fishing on the Rogue, but this decision was reversed in 1913. As fish runs continued to dwindle, the state legislature finally closed the river to commercial fishing in 1935.^[23]

As of 2010, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) operates the Cole M. Rivers Hatchery near the base of the dam at Lost Creek Lake, slightly upstream of the former Rogue–Elk Hatchery built by Hume. It raises rainbow trout (steelhead), Coho salmon, spring and fall Chinook salmon, and summer and winter steelhead.^[24] The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) built the hatchery in 1973 to offset the loss of fish habitat and spawning grounds in areas blocked by construction of the Lost Creek Dam on the main stem and the Applegate and Elk Creek dams on Rogue tributaries.^[25] It is the third-largest salmon and steelhead hatchery in the United States.{{sfn|Bannan|2002|pp=152–53}}

Celebrities

In 1926, author Zane Grey bought a miner's cabin at Winkle Bar, near the river.{{sfn|Sullivan|2002|pp=187–93}} He wrote Western books at this location,{{sfn|Sullivan|2002|pp=187–93}} including his 1929 novel Rogue River Feud.{{sfn|Giordano|2004|pp=120–22}} Another of his books, Tales of Fresh Water Fishing (1928), included a chapter based on a drift-boat trip he took down the lower Rogue in 1925. The Trust for Public Land bought the property at Winkle Bar and transferred it in 2008 to the BLM, which made it accessible to the public.^[26]

In the 1930s and 1940s, many other celebrities, attracted by the scenery, fishing, rustic lodges, and boat trips, visited the lower Rogue. Famous visitors included actors Clark Gable, Tyrone Power and Myrna Loy, singer Bing Crosby, author William Faulkner, journalist Ernie Pyle, radio comedians Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll, circus performer Emmett Kelly, and football star Norm van Brocklin.^[27] Bobby Doerr, a Hall of Fame baseball player, married a teacher from Illahe, and made his home along the Rogue.^[27] From 1940 to 1990, actress and dancer Ginger Rogers owned the {{convert|1000|acre|ha|adj=on}} Rogue River Ranch, operated for many years as a dairy farm, near Eagle Point.^[28] The historic Craterian Ginger Rogers Theater in Medford was named after her.^[28] Actress Kim Novak and her veterinarian husband bought a home and {{convert|43|acre|ha}} of land in 1997 near the Rogue River in Sams Valley, where they raise horses and llamas.^[29]

Dams

The William L. Jess Dam, a huge flood-control and hydroelectric structure, blocks the Rogue River {{convert|157|mi|km}} from its mouth.^[30] Built by the USACE between 1972 and 1976, it impounds Lost Creek Lake.{{sfn|Johnson|Petersen|Lycan|Sweet|1985|pp=92–93}} The dam, which is {{convert|345|ft|m}} high and {{convert|3600|ft|m}} long,{{sfn|Johnson|Petersen|Lycan|Sweet|1985|pp=92–93}} prevents salmon migration above this point.^[25] When the lake is full, it covers {{convert|3428|acre|ha}} and has an average depth of {{convert|136|ft|m|}}.{{sfn|Johnson|Petersen|Lycan|Sweet|1985|pp=92–93}} Ranked by storage capacity, its reservoir is the seventh-largest in Oregon.{{sfn|Johnson|Petersen|Lycan|Sweet|1985|p=171}}

Other dams have impeded fish passage at one time or another between the William L. Jess Dam and Grants Pass. After decades of controversy about water rights, costs, migratory fish, and environmental impacts, removal or modification of remaining middle-reach dams as well as a partly finished dam on Elk Creek, a major tributary of the Rogue, began in 2008. The de-construction projects were all meant to improve salmon runs by allowing more fish to reach suitable spawning grounds.^[31]

In 1904, brothers C.R. and Frank Ray built the Gold Ray Dam, a log structure, to generate electricity near Gold Hill.^[32] They installed a fish ladder.^[32] The California-Oregon Power Company, which later became Pacific Power, acquired the dam in 1921.^[32] Replacing the log dam in 1941 with a concrete structure {{convert|35|ft|m}} high, it added a new fish ladder and a fish-counting station.^[32] The company closed the hydroelectric plant in 1972, although the fish ladder remained, and biologists from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife used the station to count migrating salmon and steelhead.^[32] Jackson County, which owned the dam, had it removed with the help of a $5 million federal grant approved in June 2009.^[33] The dam was demolished in the summer of 2010.^[34]

In 2008, the city of Gold Hill removed the last of the Gold Hill Dam, a diversion dam slightly downstream of the Gold Ray Dam. Originally built to provide power for a cement company, it was {{convert|3|to|14|ft|m}} high and {{convert|900|ft|m}} long. The dam and a diversion canal later delivered municipal water to the city until Gold Hill installed a pumping station to supply its water.^[35]

In 2008, USACE removed part of the Elk Creek Dam and restored Elk Creek to its original channel.^[56] Construction on the dam had been halted by a court injunction in the 1980s after about {{convert|80|ft|m}} of the proposed height of {{convert|240|ft|m}} was reached.^[56] Further controversy delayed the notching for two decades.^[39] Elk Creek enters the Rogue River {{convert|5|mi|km}} downstream from Lost Creek Lake.^[40]

Historically, other dams along the river's middle reaches were removed or destroyed during the first half of the 20th century. The Ament Dam, built in 1902 by the Golden Drift Mining Company to provide water for mining equipment, was slightly upriver of Grants Pass. After the company failed to keep promises to provide irrigation and electric power to the vicinity and because the dam was a "massive fish killer", vigilantes destroyed part of the dam with dynamite in 1912. The damaged dam was completely removed before construction of the Savage Rapids Dam in 1921.{{sfn|Dorband|2006|p=62}}

In 1890, the Grants Pass Power Supply Company had built a log dam {{convert|12|ft|m}} high, across the river near the city. Salmon could pass the dam during high water, but most were blocked: "For half a mile below the dam, the river was crowded with fish throughout the summer."{{sfn|Lichatowich|1999|p=77}} After a flood destroyed this dam in 1905, it was replaced by a {{convert|6|ft|m|adj=on}} dam that, like its predecessor, lacked a fish ladder. By 1940, the dam had deteriorated to the point that it no longer blocked migratory fish.{{sfn|Lichatowich|1999|p=77}}

The only artificial barrier on the main stem of the Rogue upstream of Lost Creek Lake is a diversion dam at Prospect at RM 172 (RK 277). The concrete dam, {{convert|50|ft|m}} high and {{convert|384|ft|m}} wide, impounds water from the Rogue and nearby streams and diverts it to power plants, which return the water to the river further downstream. PacifiCorp operates this system, called The Prospect Nos. 1, 2, and 4 Hydroelectric Project. Built in pieces between 1911 and 1944, it includes separate diversion dams on the Middle Fork Rogue River and Red Blanket Creek, and a {{convert|9.25|mi|km|adj=on}} water-transport system of canals, flumes, pipes, and penstocks.^[41]

Bridges

Among the many bridges that cross the Rogue River is the Isaac Lee Patterson Bridge, which carries U.S. Route 101 over the river at Gold Beach. Designed by Conde B. McCullough and built in 1931, it is "one of the most notable bridges in the Pacific Northwest".{{sfn|Smith|Norman|Dykman|1989|p=106}} Named a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1982 by the American Society of Civil Engineers, the {{convert|1898|ft|m|adj=on}} structure was the first in the U.S. to use the Freyssinet method of stress control in concrete bridges. It features 7 open-spandrel {{convert|230|ft|m|adj=on}} arch spans, 18 deck-girder approach spans, and many ornate decorative features such as Art Deco entrance pylons.{{sfn|Smith|Norman|Dykman|1989|p=106}}

Several historic bridges cross the Rogue between Gold Hill and Grants Pass. The Gold Hill Bridge, designed by McCullough and built in 1927, is the only open-spandrel, barrel-arch bridge in Oregon. Its main arch is {{convert|143|ft|m}} long.{{sfn|Smith|Norman|Dykman|1989|p=103}} Also designed by McCullough, the Rock Point Bridge carries U.S. Route 99 and Oregon Route 234 over the river near the unincorporated community of Rock Point. The {{convert|505|ft|m|adj=on}} structure has a single arch. Built in 1920 for $48,400, it replaced a wooden bridge at the same site.{{sfn|Smith|Norman|Dykman|1989|p=93}}^[42] The bridge was closed in September 2009 for repairs to its deck and railings. The project is expected to cost $3.9 million.^[43]

Caveman Bridge in Grants Pass is a {{convert|550|ft|m|adj=on}}, three-arch concrete structure. Designed by McCullough and built in 1931, it replaced the Robertson Bridge. The city calls the structure Caveman because the Redwood Highway (U.S. Route 199) that crosses the bridge passes near Oregon Caves National Monument,{{sfn|Smith|Norman|Dykman|1989|p=105}} about {{convert|50|mi|km}} south of Grants Pass.

Slightly downstream of Grants Pass, the Robertson Bridge, built around 1909, is a {{convert|583|ft|m|adj=on}} three-span, steel, through-truss structure moved downriver in 1929 to make way for the Caveman Bridge. It carries the Rogue River Loop Highway (Oregon Route 260) over the river west of the city. The bridge was named for pioneers who settled in the area in the 1870s.{{sfn|Smith|Norman|Dykman|1989|p=270}}

Pollution

The EPA approved temperature TMDLs for three Rogue River tributaries: Upper Sucker Creek in 1999, Lower Sucker Creek in 2002, and Lobster Creek in 2002.{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=chapter 1|pp=10–11}} It approved temperature, sedimentation, and biological criteria TMDLs for the Applegate River basin in 2004, and temperature, sedimentation, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) TMDLs for the Bear Creek watershed in 2007.{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=chapter 1|pp=10–11}} In 1992 it had approved pH, aquatic weeds and algae, and dissolved oxygen TMDLs for the Bear Creek watershed.{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=chapter 1|pp=10–11}} In December 2008, DEQ developed two TMDLs for the Rogue River basin (except the tributaries with their own TMDLs); a temperature TMDL was meant to protect salmon and trout from elevated water temperatures, and a fecal contamination TMDL was intended to safeguard people using surface waters for recreation.{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=chapter 1|p=2}}

The DEQ has collected water-quality data in the Rogue basin since the mid-1980s and has used it to generate scores on the Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI). The index is meant to provide an assessment of water quality for general recreational uses; OWQI scores can vary from 10 (worst) to 100 (ideal). Of the eight Rogue basin sites tested during the water years 1997–2006, five were ranked good, one was excellent, and two—Little Butte Creek and Bear Creek, in the most populated part of the Rogue basin—were poor.{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=chapter 1|pp=10–11}} On the Rogue River itself, scores varied from 92 at RM 138.4 (RK 222.7) declining to 85 at RM 117.2 (RK 188.6) but improving to 97 at RM 11.0 (RK 17.7).{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=chapter 1|pp=10–11}} By comparison, the average OWQI score for the Willamette River in downtown Portland, the state's largest city, was 74 between 1986 and 1995.^[44]

Flora and fauna

Most of the Rogue River watershed is in the Klamath Mountains ecoregion designated by the EPA, although part of the upper basin is in the Cascades ecoregion, and part of the lower basin is in the Coast Range ecoregion.^[45] Temperate coniferous forests dominate much of the basin.{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|pp=568–73}} The upper basin, in the High Cascades and Western Cascades, is in places "identified as containing extremely high species richness within many groups of plants and animals".{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|pp=568–73}} Common tree species in the forests along the upper Rogue include incense cedar, white fir, and Shasta red fir.^[45]

The lower Rogue passes through the Southern Oregon Coast Range, where forests include Douglas-fir, western hemlock, tanoak, Port Orford cedar, and western redcedar, and at lower elevations Sitka spruce.^[45] Coastal forests extending from British Columbia in the north to Oregon (and the Rogue) in the south are "some of the most productive in the world".{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|pp=568–73}} The coastal region, where it has not been altered by humans, abounds with ferns, lichens, mosses, and herbs, as well as conifers.{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|pp=568–73}}

The Rogue River contains "extremely high-quality salmonid habitat and has one of the finest salmonid fisheries in the west. However, most stocks are less abundant than they were historically... ".{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|p=572}} Salmonids found in the Rogue River downstream of Lost Creek Lake include Coho salmon, spring and fall Chinook salmon, and summer and winter steelhead. Other native species of freshwater fish found in the watershed include coastal cutthroat trout, Pacific lamprey, green sturgeon, white sturgeon, Klamath smallscale sucker, speckled dace, prickly sculpin, and riffle sculpin. Nonnative species include redside shiner, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, black crappie, bluegill, catfish, brown bullhead, yellow perch, carp, goldfish, American shad, Umpqua pikeminnow, and species of trout.{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=chapter 1|pp=6–7}} Coho salmon in the watershed belong to an Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) that was listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service as a threatened species in 1997 and reaffirmed as threatened in 2005.{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=chapter 1|pp=6–7}} The state of Oregon in 2005 listed Rogue spring Chinook salmon as potentially at risk.{{sfn|Crown|Meyers|Tugaw|Turner|2008|loc=chapter 1|pp=6–7}}

Trees and shrubs growing in the riparian zones along the Rogue River include willows, red alder, white alder, black cottonwood, and Oregon ash.{{sfn|Carter|Resh|2005|pp=568–73}} A few of the common animal and bird species seen along the river are American black bear, North American river otter, black-tailed deer, bald eagle, osprey, great blue heron, water ouzel, and Canada goose.^[7]

Recreation

Boating

Soggy Sneakers: A Paddler's Guide to Oregon's Rivers lists several whitewater runs of varying difficulty along the upper, middle, and lower Rogue River and its tributaries. The longest run, on the main stem of the river downstream of Grants Pass, is "one of the best-known whitewater runs in the United States".{{sfn|Giordano|2004|pp=120–22}} Popular among kayakers and rafters, the {{convert|35|mi|km|adj=on}} run consists of class 3+ rapids separated by more gentle stretches and deep pools. Its entire length is classified Wild and Scenic.{{sfn|Giordano|2004|pp=120–22}}

The Wild section of the lower Rogue River runs for {{convert|33.8|mi|km}} between Grave Creek and Watson Creek. To protect the river from overuse, a maximum of 120 commercial and noncommercial users a day are allowed to run this section. To enter it, boaters must obtain a special-use permit allocated through a random-selection process and pick it up at the Smullin Visitor Center, about {{convert|20|mi|km}} west of Interstate 5 on the Merlin–Galice Road, at the Rand Ranger Station downstream of Galice.^[47] Other sections of the river are open to jetboats. A Gold Beach company offers commercial jetboat trips of up to {{convert|104|mi|km}} round-trip on the lower Rogue River.^[48] Another company offers jetboat excursions on the Hellgate section of the river below Grants Pass.{{sfn|Dorband|2006|pp=105–06}}

Hiking

The Lower Rogue River Trail, a National Recreation Trail of {{convert|40|mi|km|0}}, runs parallel to the river from Grave Creek to Illahe, in the Wild Rogue Wilderness, {{convert|27|mi|km}} northwest of Grants Pass. The roadless area through which the trail runs is managed by the Siskiyou National Forest and the Medford District of the federal Bureau of Land Management and covers {{convert|224|sqmi|km2}} including {{convert|56|sqmi|km2}} of designated federal wilderness. Backpackers use the trail for multiple-day trips, while day hikers take shorter trips. In addition to scenery and wildlife, features include views of rapids and "frantic boaters",{{sfn|Sullivan|2002|pp=187–93}} lodges at Illahe, Clay Hill Rapids, Paradise Creek, and Marial, and the Rogue River Ranch and museum. Hikers can take jet boats from Gold Beach to some of the lodges between May and November. The trail connects to many shorter side trails as well as to the {{convert|27|mi|km|adj=on}} Illinois River Trail south of Agness.{{sfn|Sullivan|2002|pp=187–93}} Hikers can also take trips along the Rogue that combine backpacking and rafting.^[49]

Rogue River Trail 1168 continues west {{convert|12|mi|km}} along the north side of the river from Agness to the Morey Meadow Trailhead. Forest Road 3533 provides a hiking route between the trailhead and the Lobster Creek Bridge, {{convert|5.8|mi|km|0}} further west. The Rogue River Walk is about a {{convert|6|mi|km|0|adj=on}} trail along the south side of the river continues west to a trailhead about {{convert|4.7|mi|km|0}} east of Gold Beach.^[50]^[51]

Fishing

Sport fishing on the Rogue River varies greatly depending on the location. In many places, fishing is good from stream banks and gravel bars, and much of the river is also fished from boats. Upstream of Lost Creek Lake, the main stem, sometimes called the North Fork, supports varieties of trout. Between Lost Creek Lake and Grants Pass there are major fisheries for spring and fall Chinook salmon, and Coho salmon from hatcheries, summer and winter steelhead, and large resident rainbow trout. The river between Grants Pass and Grave Creek has productive runs of summer and winter steelhead and Chinook, as well as good places to fish for trout. From Grave Creek to Foster Bar, all but the lower {{convert|15|mi|km}} of which is closed to jetboats, anglers fish for summer and winter steelhead, spring and fall Chinook, and Coho. Near Agness, the river produces large catches of immature steelhead known as "half-pounders" that return from the ocean to the river in August in large schools. The lower river has spring and fall Chinook, as well as perch, lingcod, and crab near the ocean.{{sfn|Sheehan|2005|pp=82–93}}

Parks

Between Grants Pass and the Hellgate Recreation Area, Josephine County manages two parks, Tom Pearce and Schroeder, along the river.^[57] Hellgate, {{convert|27|mi|km}} long, begins at the confluence of the Rogue and Applegate rivers about {{convert|7|mi|km}} west of Grants Pass. This stretch of the Rogue, featuring class I and II rapids, 11 access points for boats, 4 parks and campgrounds managed by Josephine County, ends at Grave Creek, where the Wild Rogue Wilderness begins.^[58] Indian Mary Park, part of the Josephine County park system, has tent sites, yurts, and spaces for camping vehicles on {{convert|61|acre|ha}} along the Merlin–Galice road at Merlin.^[59] The other three Josephine County parks in the Hellgate Recreation Area are Whitehorse, across from the mouth of the Applegate River; Griffin, slightly downstream of Whitehorse, and Almeda, downstream of Indian Mary.^[57]

See also

Notes and references

1. ^{{cite web | author = United States Geological Survey (USGS) |title = United States Geological Survey Topographic Map: Hamaker Butte, Oregon quad | publisher = TopoQuest | url = http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=43.0815696932&lon=-122.254610677&datum=nad83&zoom=4&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=m | accessdate = April 15, 2009}} The map includes a river mile (RM) marker for RM 211 (river kilometer 346) near the confluence of the Rogue River with Mazama Creek.
2. ^{{Cite web|author=Confederated Tribes of Siletz| title = Siletz Talking Dictionary| url = http://siletz.swarthmore.edu/?entry=6448|publisher=Swarthmore College|year=2007|accessdate = June 4, 2012}}
3. ^{{cite news|last=Fattig|first=Paul|title=Bits of Lost Takelma Language Preserved|work=Mail Tribune|location=Medford, Oregon|date=August 16, 1998|url=http://www.mailtribune.com/article/19980816/NEWS/308169999|publisher=Local Media Group|accessdate=March 8, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309032124/http://www.mailtribune.com/article/19980816/NEWS/308169999|archivedate=2016-03-09|dead-url=yes|df=}}
4. ^{{cite map |publisher = DeLorme Mapping |title = Oregon Atlas and Gazetteer |edition = 1991 |section = 17, 18, 20, 25–29, 37 |isbn = 0-89933-235-8 }}
5. ^¹Google Earth elevation for GNIS coordinates
6. ^¹²{{cite web | work = Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) | publisher = United States Geological Survey | date = November 28, 1980 | url ={{Gnis3|1148698}} | title = Rogue River | accessdate = April 16, 2009}}
7. ^¹²{{cite web| title = The Rogue River | publisher = U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management | url = http://www.blm.gov/or/resources/recreation/rogue/index.php | accessdate = April 15, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403153926/http://www.blm.gov/or/resources/recreation/rogue/index.php|archivedate=April 3, 2015|dead-url=no}}
8. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Recreation: Wild and Scenic Rogue River (Upper) |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Rogue River–Siskiyou National Forest |year=2006 |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/rogue-siskiyou/recreation/rivers/upper-rogue.shtml |accessdate=April 29, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905132253/http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/rogue-siskiyou/recreation/rivers/upper-rogue.shtml |archivedate=September 5, 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
9. ^{{cite web| publisher = United States Geological Survey | url =http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14330000.2007.pdf | format = PDF | title = Water-data report 2007: 14330000 Rogue River below Prospect, OR |accessdate = April 25, 2009}}
10. ^{{cite web| publisher = United States Geological Survey | url =https://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14339000.2007.pdf | format = PDF | title = Water-data report 2007: 14339000 Rogue River at Dodge Bridge, near Eagle Point, OR|accessdate = April 24, 2009}}
11. ^{{cite web| publisher = United States Geological Survey | url =https://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14361500.2007.pdf | format = PDF | title = Water-data report 2007: 14359000 Rogue River at Raygold, near Central Point, OR |accessdate = April 24, 2009}}
12. ^{{cite web| publisher = United States Geological Survey | url =https://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14361500.2007.pdf | format = PDF | title = Water-data report 2007: 14361500 Rogue River at Grants Pass, OR |accessdate = April 24, 2009}}
13. ^¹²{{cite web| publisher = United States Geological Survey | url = http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14372300.2007.pdf | format = PDF | title = Water-data report 2007: 14372300 Rogue River near Agness, OR |accessdate = April 21, 2009}}
14. ^{{cite web|title = Oregon's Top 10 Weather Events of 1900s |publisher = National Weather Service |url = http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/pqr/paststorms/index.php#top5 |accessdate = March 9, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506201152/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/pqr/paststorms/index.php|archivedate=May 6, 2017|dead-url=no}}
15. ^{{cite map |publisher = DeLorme |title = California Atlas & Gazetteer |edition = 2008 |section = 23–24 |isbn = 0-89933-383-4}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Geomorphic Provinces: Cascades Province – High Cascades |publisher=United States Forest Service |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/geology/info/prov-highcascades.shtml |year=2005 |accessdate=August 14, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409014408/http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/geology/info/prov-highcascades.shtml |archivedate=April 9, 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Geomorphic Provinces: Cascade Range – Western Cascades |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/geology/info/prov-westerncascades.shtml |publisher=United States Forest Service |accessdate=August 14, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409015116/http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/geology/info/prov-westerncascades.shtml |archivedate=April 9, 2005 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
18. ^{{cite news|last=Ross|first=Erin|title=Meet The 'Mitchell Ornithopod': Oregon's 1st Dinosaur Fossil Find|publisher=Oregon Public Broadcasting|url=https://www.opb.org/news/article/mitchell-oregon-first-dinosaur-fossil-ornithopod|date=November 20, 2018|access-date=November 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122141200/https://www.opb.org/news/article/mitchell-oregon-first-dinosaur-fossil-ornithopod|archive-date=November 22, 2018|dead-url=no}}
19. ^¹{{cite web|last=Atwood |first=Kay |author2=Gray, Dennis J. |title=Where Living Waters Flow: Place & People: War & Removal |publisher=Oregon Historical Society |year=2003 |url=http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/narratives/subtopic.cfm?subtopic_ID=234 |accessdate=May 18, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213210420/http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/narratives/subtopic.cfm?subtopic_ID=234 |archivedate=February 13, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
20. ^{{cite web | author = United States Geological Survey (USGS) |title = United States Geological Survey Topographic Map: Marial, Oregon quad | publisher = TopoQuest | url = http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=42.712222&lon=-123.888889&datum=nad83&zoom=4 | accessdate = April 29, 2010}}
21. ^{{cite news|title=On Snake River, Residents Get Mail by Rapid Delivery |date=December 27, 2007 |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/on-snake-river-residents-get-mail-by-rapid-delivery/ |work=The Seattle Times |publisher=The Seattle Times Company |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=June 1, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316163651/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/on-snake-river-residents-get-mail-by-rapid-delivery/ |archivedate=March 16, 2016 |deadurl=no |df= }}
22. ^{{cite web| work = The New York Times |date = May 22, 1892 | url =https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/05/22/104130286.pdf | format = PDF | title = Pacific Coast Fisheries, Interesting Facts about the Methods of Work| accessdate = July 28, 2009}}
23. ^{{cite web|last=Cain |first=Allen |title=News Editorial, Nets vs. Development (Curry County Reporter, August 15, 1935) |publisher=Oregon Historical Society |url=http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=5719D4DA-E58F-5488-94C69CBE74A8FBC0 |year=2002 |accessdate=April 12, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007052319/http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=5719D4DA-E58F-5488-94C69CBE74A8FBC0 |archivedate=October 7, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
24. ^{{cite web|title = The ODFW Visitors' Guide, Southwest Region: Cole M. Rivers Hatchery|publisher = Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife | year = 2010| url=http://www.dfw.state.or.us/resources/visitors/cole_m_rivers_hatchery.asp|accessdate = April 12, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701044040/http://www.dfw.state.or.us/resources/visitors/cole_m_rivers_hatchery.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2017|dead-url=no}}
25. ^¹{{cite web | title = Cole Rivers Hatchery Operations Plan 2009 | url = http://www.dfw.state.or.us/fish/HOP/Cole%20Rivers%20HOP.pdf | publisher = Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife | year = 2009 | format = PDF | accessdate = April 14, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101204035618/http://www.dfw.state.or.us/fish/HOP/Cole%20Rivers%20HOP.pdf | archive-date = 2010-12-04 | dead-url = yes | df = }}
26. ^{{cite web | last = LaLande | first = Jeff | title = Zane Grey (1872–1939) | work = The Oregon Encyclopedia | publisher = Portland State University | year = 2009 | url = http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/zane_grey_1872_1939_/ | accessdate = April 20, 2009}}
27. ^¹Meier, pp. 73–79
28. ^¹{{cite web| title = Notable Oregonians: Ginger Rogers – Actress, Dancer | url = https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/explore/notable/rogers.aspx |publisher = Oregon State Archives | year = 2009|accessdate = October 11, 2009}}
29. ^{{cite web| title = Notable Oregonians: Kim Novak – Actress | url = https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/explore/notable/novak.aspx |publisher = Oregon State Archives | year = 2009|accessdate = October 11, 2009}}
30. ^{{cite web | author = United States Geological Survey (USGS) |title = United States Geological Survey Topographic Map: McLeod, Oregon, quad | publisher = TopoQuest | url = http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=42.66404&lon=-122.68310&datum=nad83&zoom=4&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=m| accessdate = May 11, 2010}}
31. ^{{cite news | last = Preusch | first = Matthew | title = Epic Rogue River Near Reversal of Fortune | work = The Oregonian | place = Portland, Oregon | publisher = Oregon Live LLC | date = June 8, 2008 | url = http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/126DA332264FB570?p=AMNEWS|via=NewsBank| subscription=yes| accessdate = April 26, 2009}}
32. ^¹²³⁴{{cite news | last = Freeman | first = Mark | title = Stimulus Spurs County on Gold Ray Dam Removal | work = Mail Tribune | place = Medford, Oregon | publisher = Southern Oregon Media Group | date = March 22, 2009 | url = http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090322/NEWS/903220328/-1/NEWS19 | accessdate = April 26, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110610175050/http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20090322%2FNEWS%2F903220328%2F-1%2FNEWS19 | archive-date = June 10, 2011 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }}
33. ^{{cite news|last = Fattig | first = Paul | title = Stimulus Money Pays for Rogue River Dam Removal |work = Mail Tribune | place = Medford, Oregon | publisher = Southern Oregon Media Group | date = June 30, 2009}}
34. ^{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Lisa|title=Gold Ray Dam Comes Down |url=http://waterwatch.org/gold-ray-dam-comes-down|publisher=Waterwatch|date=September 13, 2010|accessdate=February 25, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116125048/http://waterwatch.org/gold-ray-dam-comes-down|archivedate=November 16, 2014|dead-url=no}}
35. ^{{cite web | title = Gold Hill Dam Removal | publisher = River Design Group | url = http://www.riverdesigngroup.com/projects/dam-removal-restoration/project-gold-hill-dam-removal/ | year = 2008 | accessdate = August 31, 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151008225104/http://www.riverdesigngroup.com/projects/dam-removal-restoration/project-gold-hill-dam-removal/ | archivedate = October 8, 2015 | dead-url = yes | df = }}
36. ^{{cite web | last = Bureau of Reclamation | title = Savage Rapids Dam, Rogue River Near Grants Pass, Oregon | publisher = United States Department of the Interior | url = http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/sediment/projects/SavageRapids/SavageRapids.htm | accessdate = April 26, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617205543/http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/sediment/projects/SavageRapids/SavageRapids.htm|archivedate=June 17, 2015|dead-url=yes}}
37. ^{{cite news|author = Associated Press | title = River Runs Wilder Now That Dam Is Gone| publisher = MSNBC | date = October 10, 2009| url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33258707/ns/us_news-environment/ | accessdate = October 11, 2009 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140526112724/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/33258707/ns/us_news-environment/#.Vhb0JiurGzk |archivedate = May 26, 2014 | dead-url = no}}
38. ^¹{{cite news | last = Associated Press | title = Rogue River Dam to Be Removed | work = The Seattle Times | place =Seattle | publisher = The Seattle Times Company | date = April 7, 2009 | url = http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/outdoors/2009002215_webroguedam07.html | accessdate = April 27, 2009 }}
39. ^¹²{{cite news | last = McKechnie | first = Ralph | title = Corps Complete Notching of Elk Creek Dam | work = Upper Rogue Independent | place = Eagle Point, Oregon | publisher = Upper Rogue Independent | date = October 20, 2008 | url = http://urindependent.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1250&Itemid=1 | accessdate = April 27, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110717173506/http://urindependent.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1250&Itemid=1 | archive-date = 2011-07-17 | dead-url = yes | df = }}
40. ^{{cite web | author = United States Geological Survey (USGS) |title = United States Geological Survey Topographic Map: Trail, Oregon, quad | publisher = TopoQuest | url = http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=42.66289&lon=-122.75579&datum=nad83&zoom=4&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=m| accessdate = May 11, 2010}}
41. ^{{cite web | last = United States Department of Energy, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission |title = Order Issuing New License: PacifiCorp Project No. 2630-004 | publisher = | date = April 8, 2008 | url =http://elibrary.ferc.gov/idmws/common/opennat.asp?fileID=11638342 |format = PDF | accessdate = May 5, 2009}}
42. ^{{cite news|title=Rock Point Bridge Over Rogue River|first=Bill|last=Miller|date=April 13, 2008|work=Mail Tribune|url=http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080413/NEWS/804130312|accessdate=May 4, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610141701/http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20080413%2FNEWS%2F804130312|archive-date=June 10, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
43. ^{{cite news|title=One Lane of Historic Bridge Will Open by Memorial Day|first=Sanne|last=Specht|date=April 14, 2010|work=Mail Tribune|url=http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100414/NEWS/4140316|accessdate=May 4, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610141735/http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20100414%2FNEWS%2F4140316|archive-date=June 10, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
44. ^{{cite web|last=Wade |first=Curtis |title=Tualatin Subbasin |work=Oregon Water Quality Index Report for Lower Willamette, Sandy, and Lower Columbia Basins: Water Years 1986–1995 |publisher=Oregon Department of Environmental Quality |url=http://www.deq.state.or.us/lab/wqm/wqindex/lowillsandy.htm |accessdate=April 11, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430221302/http://www.deq.state.or.us/lab/wqm/wqindex/lowillsandy.htm |archivedate=April 30, 2015 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
45. ^¹²³{{cite web | last = Thorson | first = T.D. | author2 = Bryce, S.A. |author3 = Lammers, D.A.| title = Ecoregions of Oregon (front side of color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs) | publisher = United States Geological Survey | year = 2003 | url = ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/or/or_front.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = April 5, 2010 |display-authors=etal}} Reverse side here
46. ^{{cite web|title=Klamath–Siskiyou|publisher=World Wildlife Fund |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0516|accessdate = April 17, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303184327/http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0516|archivedate=March 3, 2014|dead-url=no}}
47. ^{{cite web | title = Rogue River Boater's Guide: 50th Anniversary Edition | publisher = United States Bureau of Land Management and United States Forest Service | year = 2004 | url = https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/orwa-rogue-river-boaters-guide.pdf | format = PDF | access-date = October 9, 2018 | df = }}
48. ^¹{{cite news|title = Gold Beach Jet Boat Rivalry Ends with Sale of Mail Boats | work = Curry County Pilot | date=March 3, 2010|publisher=Western Communications}}
49. ^{{cite web|title=National Geographic Adventure: Orange Torpedo Trips |url=http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/outfitter_profile/id137 |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2010 |access-date=September 2, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113144/http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/outfitter_profile/id137 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
50. ^{{cite web|title=Discover the Rogue River Walk |url=https://oregon2.sierraclub.org/sites/or.sierraclub.org/files/rogue-group/pdf/Rogue%20River%20Walk%20brochure.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=Oregon Chapter of the Sierra Club |access-date=March 3, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009153203/https://oregon2.sierraclub.org/sites/or.sierraclub.org/files/rogue-group/pdf/Rogue%20River%20Walk%20brochure.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2016 |dead-url=no |df= }}
51. ^{{Cite news|url=http://orcalcoast.com/index.php/rogue-river-trail/|title=Rogue River Trail - Oregon California Coast|work=Oregon California Coast|access-date=March 7, 2018|language=en-US}}
52. ^{{cite web | title = Prospect State Scenic Viewpoint | publisher = Oregon Parks and Recreation Department | url = http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_29.php | accessdate = April 22, 2009}}
53. ^{{cite web | title = Joseph H. Stewart State Recreation Area | publisher = Oregon Parks and Recreation Department | url = http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_30.php | accessdate = April 21, 2009}}
54. ^{{cite web | title = Casey State Recreation Site | publisher = Oregon Parks and Recreation Department | url = http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_28.php | accessdate = April 21, 2009}}
55. ^{{cite web | title = TouVelle State Recreation Site | publisher = Oregon Parks and Recreation Department | url = http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_106.php | accessdate = April 22, 2009}}
56. ^{{cite web | title = Valley of the Rogue State Park | publisher = Oregon Parks and Recreation Department | url = http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_109.php | accessdate = April 22, 2009}}
57. ^¹{{cite web | title = Josephine County Parks map | publisher = Josephine County Parks | url = http://www.co.josephine.or.us/page.asp?navid=144 | accessdate = April 22, 2009}}
58. ^{{cite web | title = Hellgate Recreation Area| publisher = Bureau of Land Management | url = http://www.blm.gov/or/resources/recreation/rogue/hellgate.php | accessdate = April 22, 2009}}
59. ^{{cite web|title=Indian Mary: The Centerpiece of the Josephine County Park System |publisher=Josephine County Parks |url=http://www.co.josephine.or.us/Page.asp?NavID=1878 |accessdate=April 22, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403233528/http://co.josephine.or.us/Page.asp?NavID=1878 |archivedate=April 3, 2016 |deadurl=no |df= }}