“Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Relations between people in Hong Kong and mainland China have been relatively tense in the early 2000s. Various factors have contributed, including different interpretations of the "One country, two systems" principle; policies of the Hong Kong and central governments to encourage mainland visitors to Hong Kong; and the changing economic environment.

These tensions are expressed as hostility toward mainlanders by radical political actors and ordinary citizens alike. More broadly, it is expressed in a sense of superiority of Hong Kongers over mainlanders, resentment toward mainland-Hong Kong convergence or assimilation, interference from the mainland in Hong Kong's internal affairs and disappointment over Hong Kong's declining economic influences. While some mainlanders view Hong Kongers as arrogant, ungrateful, and disloyal, Hong Kongers see mainlanders as rude, ill-mannered, poorly-educated, and dirty.^[1]^[2]

Background

The sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China in 1997. The terms agreed between the governments for the transfer included a series of guarantees for the maintenance of Hong Kong's differing economic, political and legal systems after the transfer, and the further development of Hong Kong's political system with a goal of democratic government. These guarantees were set out in the Sino-British Joint Declaration and enshrined in the semi-constitutional Basic Law of Hong Kong. Initially, many Hong Kongers were enthusiastic about Hong Kong's return to China. However, tension has arisen between Hong Kong residents and the mainland, and in particular the central government, since 1997, and especially in the late 2000s and early 2010s.^[3] Controversial policies such as the Individual Visit Scheme and the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link.^[4] have been seized on as focal points of discontent.

Some (2011) argue that since the Hong Kong government failed to force through the legislation to implement Article 23 of the Basic Law, Beijing's relatively hands-off approach to Hong Kong changed dramatically. This view holds that the PRC's strategy is aimed at trying to dissolve the boundary between Hong Kong and the rest of China.^[5] Some representatives of the central government have adopted increasingly strong rhetoric perceived to be attacking Hong Kong's political and legal systems. More formally, the Central People's Government released a report in 2014 that asserts that Hong Kong's judiciary should be subordinate to, and not independent of, the government.^[6] The Basic Law and the Sino-British Joint Declaration guarantee the development of Hong Kong's electoral system towards universal suffrage, but the more pro-democracy parts of the Legislative Council rejected incremental progress. By the time the central government stepped in with a view, the so-called Pan-Democrats had adopted an all-or-nothing strategy that derailed any hope of progress in time for elections in 2008-2018.^[7]

Hong Kong has more international cultural values from its past as a British colony and international city, and at the same time has retained many traditional Chinese cultural values, putting it in stark contrast to the culture of many parts of mainland China, where many international cultural values have never taken root and where many traditional cultural values have been lost.^[8] Hong Kong is also a multi-ethnic society with different cultural values in relation to race, languages and cultures to those held by the Chinese government and many mainland residents. As a highly developed economy with a high standard of living, Hong Kong culture has different values in relation to hygiene and social propriety compared to mainland China. Hong Kong-mainland conflict is mainly attributed to the cultural differences^[9] between Hong Kong people and mainlanders, such as languages,^[10] as well as the significant growth in number of mainland visitors. Since the implementation of Individual Visit Scheme^[11] on 28 July 2003, the number of mainland visitors increased from 6.83 million in 2002 to 40.7 million in 2013, according to the statistics provided by the Hong Kong Tourism Board.^[12]^[13] The conflict associates to issues regarding the allocation of resources between mainlanders and Hong Kong people in different sectors, such as healthcare and education.^[14]

Incidents

In recent years, there were some incidents showing conflicts between Hong Kongers and mainlanders.

Tour guide Lee Qiaozhen verbally abused mainland tourist

On 5 February 2011, Lee Qiaozhen, a Hong Kong tour guide, had a quarrel with three mainland tourists.^[15] Lee verbally insulted the tourists for not buying at a jewellery store, referring to them as "dogs".^[16] The tourists were dissatisfied and this eventually turned into a fight. Lee and the three tourists were arrested by the police for physical assault.^[17]

Dolce & Gabbana controversy

On 5 January 2012, Apple Daily reported that only Hong Kong citizens had been prevented from taking pictures of Dolce & Gabbana window displays in both their Hong Kong fashion outlets, stirring anti-mainlander sentiment.^[18] In particular staff and security personnel at their flagship store on Canton Road asserted the pavement area outside was private property where photography was forbidden. The actions sparked protests spanning several days and gained international news coverage on 8 January.^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22] Citing the case of Zhou Jiugeng (周久耕), a Nanjing official whose high-living lifestyle was identified by Chinese citizens using internet photographs, local news reports speculated that the Dolce & Gabbana photo ban may have been imposed at the request of some wealthy Chinese government officials who were shopping and who feared photographs of them in the store might circulate and fuel corruption allegations and investigations into the source of their wealth.^[23]^[24]

Kong Qingdong calling Hong Kongers "old dogs"

In early 2012, Kong Qingdong, a Peking University professor, publicly called Hong Kongers "old

dogs" in the aftermath of a controversy over mainland visitors urinating or defecating in public in Hong Kong. Kong's strong language prompted protests in Hong Kong.

Parallel trading in Hong Kong

Since 2012, there have been a vertiginous increase in mainland parallel traders coming to the northern parts of Hong Kong to import goods and export them back to mainland. Products that are popular among these traders include infant formula and household products.^[25] As a result of shortages of milk powder in Hong Kong for an extended time, the government imposed restrictions on the amount of milk powder exports from Hong Kong. Up to now, each person is only allowed 2 cans, or 1.2 kg of milk powder per trip in the MTR and cross-borders.^[26] Besides, since northern places like Sheung Shui became the transaction centres of the traders, this resulted in discontent from nearby residents.^[27]

Anchor babies in Hong Kong

In recent years till 2012, the number of anchor babies in Hong Kong had been increasing.^[28] Pregnant mainland women seeking to give birth in Hong Kong, specifically to benefit from the right of abode.^[29] Their parents came from mainland to give birth in Hong Kong, which resulted in their children gaining the right to abode and enjoy social welfare in the city. Hong Kong citizens expressed concerns that the pregnant women and anchor babies put heavier burden on Hong Kong's medical system.^[30] Some of them even called mainlanders "locusts" which take away Hong Kong's resources from locals.^[29] Over 170,000 new births where both parents were mainlanders between 2001 and 2011,^[30] of which 32,653 were born in 2010.^[31] CY Leung's first public announcement on policy as Chief Executive-elect was to impose a 'zero' quota on mainland mothers giving birth in Hong Kong. Leung further underlined that those who did may not be able to secure the right of abode for their offspring in Hong Kong.^[32]

Racial abuse of Hong Kong football team

In 2015, the Chinese Football Association launched a series of posters relating to other Asian football teams. Among these, the poster relating to Hong Kong appeared to mock the multi-ethnic make-up of Hong Kong's football team.^[33] In response, in subsequent matches between Hong Kong and Bhutan and the Maldives respectively, supporters of the Hong Kong team jeered when the Chinese national anthem was played for the Hong Kong team.^[34]^[35]

In April 2017, during a match in Hong Kong between Hong Kong club Eastern SC and Chinese club Guangzhou Evergrande, Guangzhou Evergrande fans displayed an "Annihilate British Dogs, Eradicate Hong Kong Independence Poison" banner during the game. This resulted them being fined US$22,500^[36]

Siu Yau-wai case

In July 2015, localists including Hong Kong Indigenous and Youngspiration marched to the Immigration Department to demand deportation of an undocumented 12-year-old Mainland boy Siu Yau-wai, who lived in Hong Kong for nine years without identification.^[37] Siu, whose parents are alive and well in mainland China, stayed with his grandparents after having overstayed his two-way permit nine years ago. Pro-Beijing Federation of Trade Unions lawmaker Chan Yuen-han advised and assisted the boy and his grandmother to obtain a temporary ID and pleaded for compassion from the local community.^[38] Some called on the authorities to consider the case on a humanitarian basis and grant Siu permanent citizenship while many others, afraid that the case would open the floodgates to appeals from other illegal immigrants, asked for the boy to be repatriated. The boy eventually gave up and returned to his parents in mainland China.^[39]

Anti-mainlandisation motion

On November 19, 2015, an anti-mainlandisation motion was voted down, with 19 in favour and 34 opposing. The motion sought to defend local history and culture from the influence of mainland China. Supporters argued that mainlandisation leads to fakeness, rampant corruption and the abuse of power, while Hong Kong risked becoming another mainland city. Opponents of the motion, argued that motion was seeing different cultures with a narrow perspective and attempting to split the Chinese nation and create conflict.^[40]^[41]

CUHK democracy wall tensions

In September 2017, tensions arose between Mainland students, Hong Kong students, CUHK staff and CUHK student union staff members over the content of posters/banners put up on Democracy wall in the Chinese University of Hong Kong. With issues of vandalism, disobeying the rules, freedom of speech, respecting different opinions and displaying hateful messages reaching the spotlight, as well similar incidents occurring in other Hong Kong universities 'Democracy walls' such as Education University of Hong Kong, University of Hong Kong, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong. This also reignited Hong Kong Independence debate within Hong Kong society.^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]

Impact

The conflict between Hong Kong people and mainlanders poses an immense impact on Hong Kong society.

Rise of locals' awareness in self-identity

The major significance is the rise of local awareness in self-identity. With reference to the survey conducted by a public opinion programme of the University of Hong Kong, the identity index of interviewees who regarded themselves as "Chinese" plummeted between the years of 2008–2014, from approximately 7.5 in 2008 to a continuous fluctuation within the range between 6–7. The drop in sense of national identity is believed to be the result of the aforementioned conflicts. The recent conflicts (anchor babies, D&G crisis,^[48] and parallel trading) further contributed to the rise of local awareness in self-identity.

Exacerbation of conflicts between local and mainlanders

There are differences in culture and political backgrounds between those from Hong Kong and China. Hong Kong was ruled by the British based on the system of letters patent from the 1850s to 1997, whereas China was under the control of the Chinese Communist Party from 1949 onwards.^[49] The education that people received, the culture, and lifestyle were very different which lead to the cultural conflicts.

Some Hong Kong people perceive mainlanders as rude, impolite, poorly educated. This further leads to locals' nonacceptance of mainlanders, especially when they travel in Hong Kong. Travelers from the mainland are growing in a tremendous number that their existence can influence the direction of government's policies.^[50] The premise of various protests within the 2010s were related to the issue of the individual visit scheme adversely affecting the daily lives of Hong Kongers. On the other hand, some Mainlanders view Hong Kong with suspicion.^[51]

Emergence of new 'localist' parties

The 2014 Hong Kong protests let to birth of new political parties. The pan-democrats encourage young people who participated in the Occupy movement to register and vote in the district council poll.^[52] The first wave of dilettantes, about 50 in number, many of whom were born in the new millennium having political aspirations and disillusioned with the political establishment and who were influenced by the Umbrella Revolution, contested the 2015 district council elections. Pitted against seasoned politicians, and with support only from friends and family, they are popularly known as "Umbrella Soldiers".^[53]

During the Hong Kong legislative election, 2016, six localist groups which emerged after the 2014 Umbrella Revolution, Youngspiration, Kowloon East Community, Tin Shui Wai New Force, Cheung Sha Wan Community Establishment Power, Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power and Tuen Mun Community, formed an electoral alliance under the name "ALLinHK" to field candidates in four of the five geographical constituencies with the agenda to put forward a referendum on Hong Kong's self-determination, while Hong Kong Indigenous and another new pro-independence Hong Kong National Party attempted to run in the upcoming election.^[54] The student leaders in the Umbrella Revolution, Joshua Wong, Oscar Lai and Agnes Chow of Scholarism and Nathan Law of the Hong Kong Federation of Students (HKFS) formed a new party called Demosistō.^[55] The new party calls for referendum on Hong Kong's future after 2047 when the one country, two systems is supposed to expire.^[56] and fielded candidates in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon East.

Changing view of Hong Kong's development of democracy

Due to recent tensions between Mainland and Hong Kong people, along with impact of the Umbrella Movement, different sectors of Hong Kong have shifted their view of Hong Kong's development of democracy.

Traditionally, the pan-democratic camp campaigned for democracy in China and Hong Kong, however after the Umbrella movement, with the rise of localism, there were calls to make Hong Kong democratic first, then China or only focus on making Hong Kong democratic.^[57]

In recent years, localism within Hong Kong, has been gaining popularity of Hong Kong youth, this has led to new political parties and organisations being formed. Some Localist parties have taken the latter view of democracy, while others promote the notion of Hong Kong Independence, believing that only when Hong Kong is Independent from Mainland China, real democracy can be established.^[58]

Likewise, since the end of Umbrella movement, the pro-Beijing camp as well Mainland officials, along with CY Leung and Carrie Lam have said that the development of democracy in Hong Kong is not a top priority, the Hong Kong government should focus on livelihood issues first.^[59]^[60]^[61]

Signs of mainlandisation of Hong Kong

Since 1997, Hong Kong is a part of China under the "one country, two systems" approach. Within Hong Kong society, there are different views of this arrangement, such as within the political spectrum, the Pro-Beijing camp tend to focus on "one country" aspect, where Hong Kong will gradually integrate into China, while following and supporting the Central government policies will bring stability and prosperity to Hong Kong. However, in the Pro-democracy camp, focus on the "two systems" approach, where Hong Kong is a part of China, but Hong Kong must develop more democratic institutions and preserve freedoms and human rights to achieve prosperity, while co-operating with China.

In recent years, there have been incidents of mainlandisation where some sectors of society are worried about the changing environment of Hong Kong.^[62] Mainlandisation or Integration of Hong Kong is the official policy Beijing government and its Beijing supporters in Hong Kong are actively helping to promote its agenda, using their power to influence certain key decision-making choices within Hong Kong society.^[63]^[64]

Language policies: promotion of Mandarin

Under the Basic Law of Hong Kong, Mandarin was made an official language along with Cantonese and English. On paper, the three languages were given equal status, in reality Mandarin is increasingly given more importance. In recent years, Mandarin has been increasingly used in Hong Kong, this has led to fears of Cantonese being replaced. In May 2018, The Education Bureau of Hong Kong stated that Cantonese is a dialect, thus cannot be considered a mother tongue language. This caused an uproar in Hong Kong, as it was seen as downgrading Cantonese in favour of Mandarin, as the majority of Hong Kong people speak Cantonese as their first language.^[65] ^[66]

The use of English and its proficiency in Hong Kong has also suffered a decline in standards.^[67] The promotion and growth of Mandarin over Cantonese and English in Hong Kong has led to questions raised about Hong Kong's competitiveness in the global economy, its dependency on the Mainland's economy and its loss of a distinct cultural identity.^[68]

Moral and national education controversy

Moral and national education (MNE, {{zh|t=德育及國民教育|s=德育及国民教育|labels=no|first=t}}) is a school curriculum proposed by the Education Bureau of Hong Kong, transformed from the current moral and civic education (MCE, {{zh|t=德育及公民教育|labels=no}}). The Hong Kong attempted to pass the curriculum in 2012, which lead to protests. The subject was particularly controversial for praising the communist and nationalist ideology of China's government on the one hand, and condemning democracy and republicanism on the other.^[69]

Increasing self-censorship in the media industry

Since 2002, Hong Kong's press freedom has declined. From 18th place in 2002, 34th in 2011, 54th in 2012, 58th in 2013, 61 in 2014, 70 in 2015^[70]

Hong Kong Journalists Association attributes this to increasingly self-censorship within the industry, due to staff members not wanting to upset people in Beijing in fear of retaliation or loss of future opportunities.^[72] Jason Y. Ng, writing for the Hong Kong Free Press remarks that "The post-handover era has witnessed a series of ownership changes in the media industry. Self-censorship can also take the form of personnel changes, including management reshuffling in the newsroom and discontinuation of influential columns."^[73]

Integration infrastructure projects

In recent years, there have been many infrastructure projects/policies connecting Hong Kong to mainland China. The pro-democracy camp is suspicious of such projects, arguing that mainland government slowly gaining control and influence over Hong Kong, as this integration will eventually turn Hong Kong into another mainland city and lose its special uniqueness. A key problem is the minimum or lack of consultation from the Hong Kong people as questionable benefits, this seen as 'white elephants'. Another concern is the environmental impact of such projects as well the high costs, as well some projects going over budget, which paid by the local taxpayer.^[74] However the pro-Beijing camp argues that these projects are to help redevelop Hong Kong, help it maintain its competitiveness and provide new economic opportunities.^[75]

One-way Permits

Since the handover, The scheme, which allows 150 mainlanders a day to come to Hong Kong and Macau to reunite with their families, is administered by Chinese authorities, with Hong Kong and Macau authorities having no say on who can come in. Most of people on this quota end up going to Hong Kong. In recent years this quota has sparked intense debate on the positives, negatives and impacts it has on Hong Kong society. The Beijing government argues that the scheme is to prevent illegal immigration into Hong Kong and Macau.

The Pro-Beijing camp argue that these new immigrants are to help combat an aging population as well bringing new talent into the city.^[76] The pro-democracy camp see the one-way permit scheme serves as a tool for Beijing to gradually change the population mix in Hong Kong and integrate the city with China. A majority of immigrants from the mainland tend to cast their votes in favor of pro-Beijing politicians during elections for district councils and the legislature.^[77] Others point out, that too many immigrants are taking away resources from local graduates as there is more competition for jobs and housing.^[78] This has led to calls from the pro-democracy camp to change or modify the scheme to allow Hong Kong government to have a say in choosing which immigrants to come or final approval, while the localist camp advocate cancelling the scheme, saying this preferential treatment has put a strain on resources in Hong Kong and argues that immigrants from the mainland can come and settle in Hong Kong like any other immigrants from around the world.^[79]

Curtailing academic freedoms

In 2015, The University of Hong Kong governing council's rejected of Johannes Chan's (the dean of Faculty of Law 2004–2014) recommended appointment to the post of pro-vice-chancellor in charge of staffing and resources. The governing council's decision, the first time that a candidate selected by the committee has been rejected, is widely viewed as political retaliation for Chan's involvement with pro-democratic figures.^[80] A majority of HKU Council members are not students or staff of the university, and many that are directly appointed by HKSAR Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying, the majority with Pro-Beijing views. The decision has received international condemnation, and is being viewed as part of a Beijing-backed curtailing of academic freedoms that will damage Hong Kong's academic reputation.^[81]

Since the end of 2014 Hong Kong protests, professors and lecturers with pro-democracy views or sympathies have experienced media smear campaigns from pro-communist newspapers, harassment from paid Pro-Beijing mobs, cyber-attacks, contracts not renewed, rejection of jobs or promotions, suffered demotions or blocked from taking senior management positions by university councils, where most members are appointed by the Chief Executive, who are loyal to Beijing.^[82]

Undermining judicial independence

The Hong Kong Bar Association has claimed that Beijing has undermined Hong Kong's judicial independence and rule of law through Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (NPCSC) interpretation of the Hong Kong Basic Law. These controversial interpretations have let to the legal sector of Hong Kong to stage rare silent protests over these interpretations and since 1997 four have been held. It is feared that China wants the Hong Kong's judiciary to become the same format and characteristics as in the mainland.

The first march took place in 1999, when the NPCSC issued the first interpretation of the Basic Law relating to the issue of the right of abode of Chinese citizens with Hong Kong parents. The second was held in 2005 after the NPCSC interpreted a provision in the Hong Kong Basic Law regarding the chief executive’s term of office. The third was held in June 2014 over Beijing's issuance of a white paper on the One Country, Two Systems policy, which stated that judges in Hong Kong should be "patriotic" and are “administrators” that are supposed to co-operate with the Executive Branch of Hong Kong, whereas many in Hong Kong believe the Judiciary, Executive and Legislature are independent from each other. The fourth march occurred on November 2016, over Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy, with over 3000 lawyers and activists parading through Hong Kong in silence and dressed in black.^[83]^[84]

In late December 2017, in response to the co-location agreement in West Kowloon, the Hong Kong Bar Association issued the following statement: “The current co-location arrangement is in direct contravention of the Basic Law and if implemented would substantially damage the rule of law in Hong Kong. The rule of law will be threatened and undermined if the clear meaning of the Basic Law can be twisted and the provisions of the Basic Law can be interpreted according to expediency and convenience."^[85]

Political screening of election candidates

During the 2014–2015 political reform period, after months of public consultations, the NPCSC issued its decision to allow Hong Kong to have universal suffrage in 2017, with the cavaet that candidates would have to be approved by a nominating committee.^[86]^[87] This triggered the 2014 Hong Kong protests, with many protestors calling it "fake democracy" and political screening is not genuine universal suffrage.^[88] The protests failed to deliver any concessions, but in June 2015 the reform package was voted down by a majority of the legislators, thus showing a lack of popular support for political reform package.^[89]

Despite the failure of new political reform, the 2016 Legco elections, 2017 NPC elections and 2018 Hong Kong by-elections saw potential candidates being disqualified by Returning Officers of the Electoral Affairs Commission who have been given the power to conduct unaccountable political screening. This resulted in the disqualification of six candidates in 2016, 10 in 2017^[90] and a further three in 2018, who apparently held "incorrect political views". Elections this time around, included a confirmation form where candidates have to accept Article 1 of the Basic Law and swear to uphold the Basic Law. The returning officers believed the candidates were not sincere about complying with Article 1 of the Basic Law (that Hong Kong was an inalienable part of China), thus they were disqualified. However such reasoning highlights there is no fair, open, certain and clear procedure to regulate the process as the final decision rests on supposedly non-political civil servant's opinion. This has resulted in arbitrary decisions, for example Agnes Chow in the 2018 Hong Kong by-elections was disqualified on the basis that Demosisto’s advocacy of “self-determination” after 2047 “could not possibly comply” with Basic Law, despite her fellow party member Nathan Law was allowed to participate and won a seat in the 2016 Legco elections on exactly the same election platform.^[91]

In May 2018, the government announced that support for the Basic Law (particularly Article 1) will be required for all candidates for the upcoming District Council elections in 2019.^[92]

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