“Rolling paper”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Rolling paper is a specialty paper used for making cigarettes (commercially manufactured filter cigarettes and individually made roll-your-own cigarettes). Rolling papers are packs of several cigarette-size sheets, often folded inside a cardboard wrapper.

History

Composition

Cigarette paper is made from thin and lightweight "rag fibers" (nonwood plant fibers) such as flax, hemp, sisal, rice straw, and esparto. The paper is available in rolls and rectangular sheets of varying sizes, and has a narrow strip of glue along one long edge. It may be transparent, colored and flavored. It has a high filler content and a basis weight of 10-28 g/m². To control the smoking properties, this paper has a porosity that is suited to the type of tobacco and contains additives that regulate burning.^[1] One critical paper characteristic is permeability; its primary physical influence is smoke dilution. Among the fillers used are calcium carbonate to influence the permeability and color, magnesium carbonate to improve ash color, or titanium oxide if a particularly white ash is required.^[2] Sodium potassium tartrate (Seignette's salt), sodium and potassium citrate are used as a combustion regulator in cigarette paper, increased levels result in faster burning papers.^[3] Poly(vinyl alcohol) in aqueous solution is used for cigarette adhesives.^[4]

Permeability is defined as the measure of the volume of air that flows through a specified area of cigarette paper in a given unit of time. It is measured in CORESTA units. US commercial filter cigarette brands have paper permeability between 14 and 51 CORESTA units. Increased cigarette paper permeability results in increased smoke dilution with air.^[5]

Consumption

In the United States of America, Tobacconist Magazine has called roll-your-own (RYO) the tobacco industry's fastest growing segment. It estimates that 2-4% of cigarette smokers in the United States, or approximately 2.6 million people, make their own cigarettes. Many of these smokers have switched in response to increasingly high taxes on manufactured cigarettes.^[7]

In 2000, a Canadian government survey estimated that 9% of Canada's 6,000,000 cigarette smokers smoked hand-rolled cigarettes "sometimes or most of the time", 7% smoked roll-your-owns "exclusively", and over 90% of rolling papers sold in Canada were for tobacco consumption. A more recent 2009 study has shown that approximately 925,000 Canadians roll their own cigarettes.^[8]

According to The Publican, "Low price RYO has seen an astonishing rise of 175% in [2007] as cigarette smokers look for cheaper alternatives and to control the size of their smoke".^[9] The National Health Service in the United Kingdom has reported that roll-your-own use has more than doubled since 1990, from 11% to 24%. Many of these smokers apparently believe that hand-rolled cigarettes are less harmful than manufactured products,^[10] although it is equally possible that the increase is due to the steep rise in prices since the early-1990s to the present day.^[11]

In Thailand, roll-your-own smokers have long exceeded those for manufactured brands;^[12] the cheaper papers without gum are kept constantly between the fingers during a smoke there. New Zealand reported in 2005 that: 'The ratio of roll-your-own to manufactured or tailor-made cigarettes consumed by New Zealanders has risen over (at least) the past decade, perhaps reflecting price differences between these products, and currently approaching 50 percent overall.'^[13]

Taxation

Consumers' switching to roll-your-own has led to a response among certain tax authorities. In the United States, Indiana and Kentucky tax rolling papers. Kentucky set its tax at $0.25 per pack (for up to 32 leaves, larger packs are taxed at $0.0078 per leaf) in 2006 despite complaints from manufacturers. Louisiana Revised Statute 47:338.261 allows up to $1.25 per pack at retail.

Regulation

The FDA stated in 2011 that each and every brand (including private labels) of cigarette rolling papers sold in the US must submit their ingredients and seek agency approval or withdraw from the marketplace by March of that year if they had not been sold in the US before February 15, 2007.^[14]

Actionism

The Spanish brand of Smoking was charged in Spanish Court for using illegal carcinogenic materials in their cigarette papers to cut costs, namely esparto. However, the company was never convicted.^[15]

Fire-resistant applications

Fire-resistant cigarettes, which reduce the risk of fire from unattended cigarettes, are made with special paper that includes a plastic compound, ethylene vinyl acetate. If a cigarette made with this type of paper is left unattended, the plastic in the paper will help the cigarette self-extinguish.

List of rolling papers

References

1. ^{{citation | author1=Rudolf Patt | author2=Othar Kordsachia | author3=Richard Süttinger | author4=Yoshito Ohtani | author5=Jochen F. Hoesch | author6=Peter Ehrler | author7=Rudolf Eichinger | author8=Herbert Holik | author9=Udo Hamm | author10=Michael E. Rohmann | author11=Peter Mummenhoff | author12=Erich Petermann | author13=Richard F. Miller | author14=Dieter Frank | author15=Renke Wilken | author16=Heinrich L. Baumgarten | author17=Gert-Heinz Rentrop | contribution=Paper and Pulp | title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | edition=7th | publisher=Wiley | year=2007 | pages=1–157 | doi=10.1002/14356007.a18_545}}
2. ^{{citation | author=T. C. Tso | contribution=Tobacco | title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | edition=7th | publisher=Wiley | year=2007 | pages=1–26 | doi=10.1002/14356007.a27_123}}
3. ^{{citation | author=Jean-Maurice Kassaian | contribution=Tartaric Acid | title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | edition=7th | publisher=Wiley | year=2007 | pages=1–8 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a26_163}}
4. ^{{citation | author=Manfred L. Hallensleben | contribution=Polyvinyl Compounds, Others | title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | edition=7th | publisher=Wiley | year=2007 | pages=1–18 | doi=10.1002/14356007.a21_743}}
5. ^{{citation | author=Ken Podraza | title=Basic Principles of Cigarette Design and Function | publisher=Philip Morris USA | url=http://www.lsro.org/presentation_files/air/m_011029/podraza_102901.pdf}}
6. ^{{citation | author=F. L. Marten | contribution=Vinyl Alcohol Polymers | title=Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology | edition=5th | publisher=Wiley | year=2002 | page=26 | doi= 10.1002/0471238961.2209142513011820.a01.pub2}}
7. ^Iver Peterson, "Roll-your-owns cuts taxes", New York Times, October 14, 2002.TTB stats.
8. ^{{cite journal|title=The roll-your-own cigarette market in Canada: a cross-sectional exploratory study|first1=Scott T|last1=Leatherdale|first2=Murray|last2=Kaiserman|first3=Rashid|last3=Ahmed|date=16 March 2009|publisher=|journal=Tob Induc Dis|volume=5|issue=1|pages=5|doi=10.1186/1617-9625-5-5|pmid=19291309|pmc=2666659}}
9. ^The Publican - Home - Tobacco sales drop in Scotland.
10. ^BBC, "Smoker poll reveals roll-ups myth", May 30, 2006 Online copy.
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://nicare-ecigarettes-direct.co.uk/cigarette-prices-have-risen-by-80-since-1990/|title=Shop For E-Cigs, E-Liquids & Vapes with free UK delivery|publisher=}}
12. ^"Cigarette Consumption", Thailand Health Promotion Institute PDF document.
13. ^Ministry of Health, "Seeing through the Smoke: Tobacco Monitoring in New Zealand", Public Health Intelligence: Occasional Bulletin (26), 2005 PDF document.
14. ^http://www.fda.gov/downloads/TobaccoProducts/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/UCM239021.pdf
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/142583/0/papel/fumar/cancer/|title=El fabricante de 'Smoking' niega que su papel de fumar lleve productos cancerígenos |publisher=20 minutos |date=2006-07-19 |accessdate=2007-06-16 |language=es}}