| 词条 | Romaine lettuce |
| 释义 |
| name = Romaine lettuce | image = Starr 070730-7911 Lactuca sativa.jpg | image_caption = Romaine lettuce | species = Lactuca sativa | cultivar = }} Romaine or cos lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) is a variety of lettuce that grows in a tall head of sturdy dark green leaves with firm ribs down their centers. Unlike most lettuces, it is tolerant of heat. In North America, romaine is sold as whole heads or as “hearts” that have had the outer leaves removed and are often packaged together. Commercially sold romaine lettuce has historically been the subject of product warnings by both U.S. and Canadian health authorities warning that consumer supplies can become adulterated with or host pathogenic E.{{nbsp}}coli bacteria. Cattle can harbor the bacteria without ill effects, and be asymptomatic carriers of the bacterium. Lettuce becomes contaminated with the bacterium as the result of cattle manure being used to fertilize crop fields, or the proximity of cattle pastures and feedlots to water sources used to irrigate crops. [1][2] Origin and etymologyIn British English, it is commonly known as “cos” lettuce, and in North America as “romaine” lettuce.[3] Many dictionaries trace the word cos to the name of the Greek island of Cos, from which the lettuce was presumably introduced.[4] Other authorities trace cos to the Arabic word for lettuce, {{transl|ar|khus}} {{lang|ar|خس}} {{IPA-ar|xus|}}.[5] It apparently reached Western Europe via Rome, as in Italian it is called lattuga romana and in French {{lang|fr|laitue romaine}}, both meaning “Roman lettuce”. Hence the name “romaine”, the common term in North American English.[5] Ritual useFor 3000 years (from at least 2700 BC), lettuce was associated with the ancient Egyptian god of fertility, Min, for its resemblance to the phallus.[6] Romaine lettuce may be used in the Passover Seder as a type of bitter herb. It symbolises the bitterness inflicted by the Egyptians while the Israelites were slaves in Egypt.[7][8] CuisineRomaine is a common salad green, and is the usual lettuce used in Caesar salad. Romaine lettuce is commonly used in Middle Eastern cuisine. Romaine, like other lettuces, may also be cooked. For example, it can be braised or made into soup.[9][10] The thick ribs, especially on the older outer leaves, should have a milky fluid that gives the romaine its typically bitter herb taste. In North American supermarkets, romaine is widely available year-round.[9] Nutrition{{nutritionalvalue|name=Romaine lettuce|kJ=72|water=95 g|protein=1.2 g|fat=0.3 g|carbs=3.3 g|fibre=2.1 g|vitA_ug=290|vitC_mg=24|potassium_mg=247|phosphorus_mg=30|calcium_mg=33|iron_mg=0.97|folate_ug=136|source_usda=1|right=1}}As with other dark leafy greens, the antioxidants found in romaine lettuce are believed to help prevent cancer.[11] Food safety issuesFrom November 2017 through January 2018, the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHA) identified romaine as being linked to illness in 41 persons in Canada.[12] A probably related outbreak affected 25 people in 15 states of the U.S. who ate leafy greens, but the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) were unable to confirm that it was romaine in particular. There was one death. The disease agent was Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7. The most recent illness started on December 12, 2017; the PHA declared the outbreak over on January 10, 2018, and the CDC declared it over on January 25.[13] In response to another E. coli O157:H7 outbreak, which probably began in mid-March 2018, the CDC recommended in April 2018 that consumers not buy or eat romaine lettuce unless they could confirm it was not from the Yuma, Arizona, growing region.[14][15] On May 22, 2018, after a month-long warning, the CDC announced it was now safe to consume romaine again.[16] The outbreak killed five people and caused 89 hospitalizations across 32 states.[17][18] In June 2018, the FDA traced the source of the latest E. coli outbreak to water from a canal located in Yuma, Arizona.[19] In November 2018, the US CDC and the PHA of Canada issued a warning to consumers that romaine lettuce should not be consumed in any form, and that they should dispose of any currently on hand. The same strain of E. coli identified in the 2017-2018 outbreak was implicated.[20][21][22] At least 43 people became ill in this outbreak, which the FDA traced to one of six counties in Central California: Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz and Ventura.[23] GrowersMany US growers of romaine lettuce farm in Salinas in the summer and the Imperial Valley and Yuma in the winter, relying on day laborers crossing the border from Mexico.[24] Other triviaThe day of 22 Germinal in the French Republican Calendar was dedicated to this lettuce, as "{{lang|fr|Romaine}}".[25] Notes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/2571/Escherichia-coli.html|title=Escherichia coli|access-date=June 24, 2010}} 2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Pruimboom-Brees IM, Morgan TW, Ackermann MR, Nystrom ED, Samuel JE, Cornick NA, Moon HW | title = Cattle lack vascular receptors for Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga toxins | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 97 | issue = 19 | pages = 10325–9 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 10973498 | pmc = 27023 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.190329997 | url = http://www.pnas.org/content/97/19/10325.long }} 3. ^{{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dPfYi2ejyMC&pg=PT47 | title=Cos or Romaine Lettuce Juice | publisher=Book Publishing Company | work=Fresh Vegetable and Fruit Juices: What's Missing in Your Body? | date=1970 | accessdate=2 December 2013 | last=Walker |first=Norman Wardhaugh| isbn=9780890190333 }} 4. ^Oxford English Dictionary, First Edition, 1893, s.v. 'cos' 5. ^1 {{cite book |quote=Cos lettuces are probably not named for the island of Kos but for the Arabic word for lettuce |authorlink=Alan Davidson (food writer) |first=Alan |last=Davidson |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-211579-9|title-link=Oxford Companion to Food }} 6. ^{{cite news |first=K. Annabelle |last=Smith |date=16 July 2013 |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/when-lettuce-was-a-sacred-sex-symbol-12271795/ |title=When Lettuce Was a Sacred Sex Symbol |publisher=Smithsonian Museum |accessdate=27 January 2018}} 7. ^{{cite book|chapter = Towards a History of the Paschal Meal|isbn = 9780268038595|title = Passover and Easter: Origin and History to Modern Times|first1 = Paul|last1 = Bradshaw|first2 = Lawrence|last2 = Hoffman|publisher = University of Notre Dame Press|date = August 19, 2000}} 8. ^{{cite book|first=Ronald L. |last=Eisenberg |title=Jewish Traditions: A JPS Guide |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |date=2010| isbn=978-0827610392 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qGHi_9K154C&pg=PA286|page=286}} 9. ^1 {{cite news |first=Mark |last=Bittman |title=The Charms of the Loser Lettuces |newspaper=New York Times |date=2 April 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/dining/07mini.html |accessdate=27 January 2018}} 10. ^{{cite news |url=http://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1013102-braised-romaine-hearts |title=Braised Romaine Hearts |registration=yes |first=Mark |last=Bittman |date=2 April 2010 |accessdate=27 January 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web |publisher=American Institute for Cancer Research |url=http://www.aicr.org/foods-that-fight-cancer/foodsthatfightcancer_leafy_vegetables.html |title=AICR's Foods That Fight Cancer: Dark Green Leafy Vegetables}} 12. ^"Public Health Notice – Outbreak of E. coli infections linked to romaine lettuce", Public Health Agency of Canada, [https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/public-health-notices/2017/public-health-notice-outbreak-e-coli-infections-linked-romaine-lettuce.html February 9, 2018] 13. ^"Multistate Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Linked to Leafy Greens (Final Update)", Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, [https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2017/o157h7-12-17/index.html posted January 25, 2018] 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2018/o157h7-04-18/index.html|title=Multistate Outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 Infections Linked to Romaine Lettuce {{!}} Investigation Notice: Multistate Outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 Infections April 2018 {{!}} E. coli {{!}} CDC|date=2018-04-20|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-04-21}} 15. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2018/04/20/latest-e-coli-outbreak-warning-expands-to-all-romaine-lettuce/|title=E. coli outbreak warning expands to all types of romaine lettuce|last=Sun|first=Lena H.|date=2018-04-20|work=Washington Post|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}} 16. ^{{cite news |last=Judkis |first=Maura |url=https://www.washihttps://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2018/05/22/our-national-romaine-lettuce-crisis-is-over-says-the-cdc/ |title=Our national romaine lettuce crisis is over, says the CDC. Here’s how to celebrate. |work=The Washington Post |date=2018-05-22 |accessdate=2018-05-22 }} 17. ^{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Kristine |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2018/06/02/five-dead-nearly-200-sick-in-e-coli-outbreak-from-lettuce-and-investigators-are-stumped/ |title=Five dead, nearly 200 sick in E. coli outbreak from lettuce. And investigators are stumped. |work=The Washington Post |date=2018-06-02 |accessdate=2018-06-03 }} 18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/recallsoutbreaksemergencies/outbreaks/ucm604254.htm |title=FDA Investigating Multistate Outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 Infections Linked to Romaine Lettuce from Yuma Growing Region |publisher=FDA |date=2018-06-01 |accessdate=2018-06-03 }} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/29/624647252/it-was-the-water-fda-says-of-romaine-e-coli-outbreak-that-killed-five|title=It Was The Water, FDA Says Of Romaine E. Coli Outbreak That Killed Five|publisher=NPR|first1=Bill|last1=Chappell|date=June 29, 2018|access-date=June 29, 2018}} 20. ^United States Centers for Disease Control, "Outbreak of E. coli Infections Linked to Romaine Lettuce", November 20, 2018 [https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2018/o157h7-11-18/index.html] 21. ^Public Health Agency of Canada, "Public Health Notice - Outbreak of E. coli infections linked to romaine lettuce", November 20, 2018 [https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/public-health-notices/2018/outbreak-ecoli-infections-linked-romaine-lettuce.html] 22. ^https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/romaine-lettuce-is-not-safe-to-eat-cdc-warns-us-consumers/2018/11/20/726d0ae6-ece9-11e8-96d4-0d23f2aaad09_story.html 23. ^{{cite news | title=County a possible source of E. Coli: At least 43 have been sickened in outbreak | work=Salinas Californian | publisher=USA Today | date=November 30, 2018 | page=A1 |author=Eduardo Cuevas}} 24. ^{{cite news| title=Border shutdown worries ag industry: Trump threats come amid E. Coli outbreak tied to romaine |author=Kate Cimini | work=Salinas Californian | publisher=USA Today | date=November 30, 2018 |page=A1}} 25. ^{{cite book |authorlink=William Tooke (1777–1863) |last=Tooke |first=William |title=The Monarchy of France: its rise, progress, and fall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqFCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA634 |page=634 |publisher=Sampson Low & Son |location=London |date=1855}} References{{refbegin}}
External links
3 : Leaf vegetables|Food plant cultivars|Lettuce |
| 随便看 |
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。