词条 | House cow |
释义 |
A house cow is a cow kept to provide milk for a home kitchen.[1] This differentiates them from dairy cows, which are farmed commercially. They can also provide manure, for use as a garden fertiliser,[2] and their offspring can be a source of meat.[3] Cow farts also cause global warming. House cows are used in locations, usually rural, without convenient access to a supply of commercial dairy products.[4] They can also be kept for household self-sufficiency,[1] and a preference for organically farmed food.[2] HistoryIn England, during the eighteenth century, families would take their house cow, and other livestock, to graze on the local common land.[5] In the 1770s, before common land began to be enclosed as private land, it was estimated that even a 'poor' house cow, 'providing a gallon of milk per day' was worth, in the milking season, 'half the equivalent of a labourer's annual wage' to a family.[5] Writing for an American audience in 1905, Kate Saint Maur asserted: {{quote|In fact, the country home without a cow, is like a coach without horses - so hopelessly stuck does the house keeper become who tries to provide a varied bill of fare without dairy produce. Away from city markets, a cow is a downright necessity.[4]}}In 1910, during the United States' Presidency of William Howard Taft, Senator Isaac Stephenson had a house cow called 'Pauline Wayne', a Holstein Friesian,[6] sent from his Wisconsin farm to the White House to provide fresh milk for the first family.[7] After arrival she 'grazed contentedly upon the White House lot, oblivious to the general fuss being made'.[7] In Australia, house cows were still common enough for the New South Wales government to issue a free booklet on their management and care in 1953.[8] Popular breedsIn the 19th century, Breton cattle, from Brittany, France, were imported into England and promoted as an ideal house cow breed because of their docile nature and small size.[9] Shetland cattle, from the Shetland Isles, off the north coast of Scotland, are a small, hardy cattle breed, which, until recent times, were traditionally milked three times a day—morning, twall (midday) and night—to produce the maximum amount of milk, which could be more than three gallons.[10]The Dexter cattle breed, which originated in southwestern Ireland, is small, easy-to-keep and suited for milk and meat, is known as 'the poor man's house cow'.[11] References1. ^1 {{cite news | first = Rose | last = Grant | title = House cow revival in Tasmania | date = 2012-12-10 | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | url = http://www.abc.net.au/site-archive/rural/content/2012/s3651164.htm | work = ABC Rural | accessdate = 2013-10-31}} 2. ^1 {{cite news | title = Keeping A House Cow | year = 2003 | publisher = Warm Earth Publishing | url = http://www.warmearth.spiderweb.com.au/articles/housecow0703.htm | work = Warm Earth Organic Gardening | pages = 34–38 | accessdate = 2013-10-31 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131102040456/http://www.warmearth.spiderweb.com.au/articles/housecow0703.htm | archivedate = 2013-11-02 | df = }} 3. ^{{cite book|author=John Webster|title=Animal Welfare: Limping Towards Eden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjWtLA7ADA4C&pg=PA131|date=2008-04-15|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-7145-8|page=131}} 4. ^1 {{cite book | last1 = Saint Maur | first1 = Kate V. | title = A Self-Supporting Home | url = https://archive.org/stream/selfsupportingho00sainiala#page/n1/mode/2up | publisher = The Macmillan Company | year = 1905 | location = New York | pages = 33–38 | accessdate = 2013-10-31}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal | title = A Short History of Enclosure in Britain | journal = The Land | date = Summer 2009 | first = Simon | last = Fairlie | issue = 7| id = | url = http://www.thelandmagazine.org.uk/articles/short-history-enclosure-britain | accessdate = 2013-10-31}} 6. ^{{cite news | title = Life Of Pauline Wayne, White house Cow Insured | date = 1911-08-17 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jhJeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CmANAAAAIBAJ&dq=house-cow&pg=5280%2C118374 | work = The Telegraph-Herald | accessdate = 2013-10-31}} 7. ^1 {{cite news | title = White house Cow Arrives | date = 1910-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RhUQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=j48DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346%2C2496915 | work = The Free Lancet | accessdate = 2013-10-31}} 8. ^{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article106924467 |title=The House Cow. |newspaper=The Land (Sydney, NSW : 1911 - 1954) |location=Sydney, NSW |date=27 March 1953 |accessdate=31 October 2013 |page=38 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} 9. ^{{cite journal | title = The Breton breed of cattle in Britain: extinction versus fitness | journal = The Agricultural History Review | year = 1987 | first = C.M.A | last = Manwell, C. | volume = 35 | pages = 171–179| id = | url = http://www.bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/35n2a5.pdf | accessdate = 2013-10-31}} 10. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.schbs.co.uk/history-cattle-housecow.php | title = The House Cow | accessdate = 2013-10-31 | publisher = Shetland Cattle Herd Book Society | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131102215219/http://www.schbs.co.uk/history-cattle-housecow.php | archivedate = 2013-11-02 | df = }} 11. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.bordbia.ie/aboutfood/Documents/Traditional%20Food%20skills%20-%20Food%20heritage%20in%20living%20memory.pdf | title = Traditional Food Skills For Tomorrow: Food Heritage In Living Memory | accessdate = 2013-10-31 | publisher = Bord Bia (Irish Food Board) | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131102191820/http://www.bordbia.ie/aboutfood/Documents/Traditional%20Food%20skills%20-%20Food%20heritage%20in%20living%20memory.pdf | archivedate = 2013-11-02 | df = }} 1 : Dairy farming |
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