| 词条 | Romanian Air Force | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|unit_name = Romanian Air Force Forțele Aeriene Române |image = Stema Statului Major al Fortelor Aeriene.svg |image_size = 200px |caption = Romanian Air Force Coat of Arms | dates = |country = Romania |allegiance = |branch = |type = |role = |size = 9,700 personnel[1] |command_structure = Romanian Armed Forces |garrison = Statul Major al Forțelor Aeriene - Bucharest |garrison_label = Command HQ |nickname = |motto = |colors = |colors_label = |march = |mascot = |equipment = |equipment_label = |battles = |anniversaries = 20 July[2] |decorations = |battle_honours = |commander1=Major General Laurian Anastasof |commander1_label = Chief of the Air Force Staff |commander2 = |commander2_label = |commander3 = |commander3_label = |notable_commanders = |identification_symbol = |identification_symbol_label = Roundel |identification_symbol_2 = |identification_symbol_2_label = |aircraft_attack = MiG-21, IAR-330 SOCAT |aircraft_bomber = |aircraft_electronic = |aircraft_fighter = MiG-21, F-16 |aircraft_interceptor = |aircraft_patrol = |aircraft_recon = Antonov An-30, RQ-7 Shadow |aircraft_trainer = MiG-21 LanceR 'B', IAR-99, IAR 316, Yak-52 |aircraft_transport = C-130 Hercules, C-27J Spartan, IAR-330L/M Puma |start_date = 1 April 1913 }} The Romanian Air Force ({{lang-ro|Forțele Aeriene Române}}) is the air force branch of the Romanian Armed Forces. It has an air force headquarters, an operational command, four air bases and an air defense brigade. Reserve forces include two air bases and three airfields. In 2010, the Romanian Air Force employed 9,700 personnel. Current stateThe Romanian Air Force modernized 110 MiG 21 LanceRs, in cooperation with Israel between 1993 and 2002. Today, 48 of these MiG 21 LanceRs are operational.[3] The Romanian Air Force also operates C-130 Hercules, C-27J Spartan, An-26s transport planes and IAR-330 Puma helicopters. IAR-330 PUMA SOCAT helicopters have been modernized by the Romanian Aviation Industry in cooperation with Elbit Systems (Israel) for attack missions. The Romanian Air Force also includes locally built IAR-99 Șoim jet planes, in general only used for training of the young pilots. The remaining MiG-29s have been removed from service in 2003. Due to the old age of the MiGs, the Romanian Air Force is in the process of procurement of new fighters or possibly used fighters from partner states. Romania has signed a contract in 2013 with Portugal for 12 F-16 A/B Block 15 MLU fighters.[4] The first six fighters have entered service with the Romanian Air Force in October 2016 while another three have been delivered in December. The last three will enter service during 2017.[5] Beside the 12 F-16s bought from Portugal, Romanian authorities intend to buy at least another 24 F-16s, possibly newer Block 50 ones, in at least two batches of 12.[6] In the spring of 2009, the Romanian government decided to purchase VSHORAD/SHORAD systems from France.[7] The deal included Mistral MANPADS and MICA VL surface-to-air missiles.[8] However, after preliminary talks with MBDA in August, the deal was put on hold and canceled afterwards because of the defense cuts.[9] In February 2010, the Supreme Council of National Defense signed an agreement with the United States for missile defense under whose terms land-based SM-3 systems would be installed in Romania. On 3 May 2011, the president of Romania Traian Băsescu announced the location for the SM-3 systems: former Air Force base Deveselu in Olt County.[10] The system includes 3 batteries with 24 SM-3 Block I rockets, manned by approximately 200 US soldiers (with a maximum of 500) under Romanian Air Force overall command. The Deveselu Aegis Ashore site has been declared operational on the 13th of May 2016.[11] The current chief of the Romanian Air Force Staff, succeeding Major General Fănică Cârnu on 19 December 2013, is Major General Laurian Anastasof.[12] HistoryBeginningsIn 1818, during the reign of John Caradja, the prince of Wallachia, an unmanned hot air balloon was flown off Dealul Spirii in Bucharest.[13] On July 7, 1874, Colonel Nicolae Haralambie with Ion Ghica and a third person flew over Bucharest in a hydrogen balloon named "Mihai Bravul", which had made its first flight on June 9 of the same year. On November 20, 1909 the Chitila Piloting School was formed as a joint venture by Mihail Cerchez. The school, conducted by French flight instructors, had five hangars, bleachers for spectators and shops where the Farman planes imported from France were assembled. The school opened on July 9, 1910, when the chief flight instructor and director of the school René Guillemin crashed a Farman III biplane from a height of {{convert|40|m|ft}} during a demonstration flight and broke his leg. Guillemin was succeeded by Michel Molla who made the first flight across Bucharest on September 7, 1910. Molla was succeeded by two others before the school closed in late 1912 due to financial difficulties, having trained six officers, but only licensed two.[14] In November 1909, the Romanian Minister of War commissioned Aurel Vlaicu to build the A. Vlaicu I airplane at the Bucharest Army Arsenal which first flew on June 17, 1910. On September 28, during the Fall military exercise, Vlaicu flew his airplane from Slatina to Piatra Olt carrying a message, Romania thus becoming the second country after France to use airplanes for military purposes.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Along with other Romanian pilots, Vlaicu flew reconnaissance missions during the Second Balkan War. [15][16][17] Vlaicu III, the first metal aircraft in the world, was completed after his death, in May 1914.[18]World War IOn the eve of Romania's entrance in the war in late 1916, the Romanian Air Force comprised only 28 aircraft.[19] The 28 aircraft comprised six different models, namely 10 Bristol T.B.8 biplanes, 7 Bristol Coanda Monoplanes, 4 Farman HF.20 biplanes and 4 Blériot XI.[20] Added to these were two Morane Type F monoplanes and two native-made monoplanes designed by Aurel Vlaicu.[21] One of the Vlaicu monoplanes, A Vlaicu II, crashed in 1913, leaving A Vlaicu I as the sole Romanian-made aircraft in the Romanian Air Force. List of Romanian aircraft in mid-1916:
During World War I, Romania acquired 322 aircraft from France and ex-RNAS aircraft from Great Britain including Nieuport 11 and 17 single seat fighters and Morane-Saulnier LA and Nieuport 12 two seat fighters. Caudron G.3, Henry Farman HF.20, Farman MF.11, and Farman F.40 & 46 artillery observation and reconnaissance aircraft, Caudron G.4, Breguet-Michelin BLM and Voisin LA bombers.[22]On September 16, 1916, a Romanian Farman F.40 downed an Imperial German Air Force aircraft near Slobozia; this was the first Romanian Air Force victory. By the end of World War I, Romanian pilots had flown about 11,000 hours and 750 missions; however, it was unable to prevent the December 1916 Romanian offensive at the Battle of the Arges from being defeated, which resulted in the occupation of Romania, and an armistice on 6 December 1917.[23] Interwar Period{{unreferenced section|date=August 2015}}During the interwar period, the RoAF, second only to Poland among the future Warsaw Pact countries, had a powerful national aircraft industry which designed and produced all types of military and most civil aircraft. In particular, the IAR 80 series were stressed-skin fighters, worthy to rank with the other single-seat fighters of WWII, and used in significant numbers on the Eastern Front. The RoAF was reorganized during an 18-year period. Over 2,000 military and civil aircraft were built in Romania, based on local and licensed foreign designs. The military aviation used IAR 80 fighters, which became famous on the Eastern Front, and bombers manufactured by IAR Braşov. Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Heinkel He 112 fighters, Heinkel He 111 and Junkers Ju 88 bombers, Junkers Ju 87 dive bomber, Junkers Ju 52 transport and Heinkel He 114 seaplanes were purchased from Germany in the interwar period. World War II{{Main article|Royal Romanian Air Force}}{{See also|Western Allied Campaign in Romania}}When Romania, allied with Nazi Germany, went to war against the USSR on June 22, 1941, the Romanian Air Force had 621 airplanes, including its locally made fighter IAR 80/81. The air force accomplished hundreds of missions, contributing to Romania's recapture of Northern Bucovina and Basarabia, which had been occupied by the Soviet Union a year earlier. Until the Odessa episode{{Clarify|date=June 2013}}, the Romanian military fighters gained 661 air victories. Romanian Military Aviation fought on the Eastern front until August 22, 1944, bringing an important contribution to the great battles in Stalingrad, Crimea, and the Ukrainian fronts. Between 1941-1944, Romanian aircraft won 2,000 air victories. The most famous flying aces were Captain Prince Constantin Cantacuzino, who gained 68 certified victories, Captain Horia Agarici and Captain Alexandru Şerbănescu, who shot down 60 enemy airplanes. Following King Michael's Coup in August 1944, Romania turned against Germany and joined the allies. Cold WarStarting with 1948, Romania tailored its military to Soviet concepts and doctrine. On February 15, 1949, the Aviation Command was established based on the Soviet model (regiments instead of flotillas). New Soviet aircraft, such as Yakovlev Yak-18, Polikarpov Po-2, Lavochkin La-9, Tupolev Tu-2, and Ilyushin Il-10 entered service. A year later, 9 Yakovlev Yak-17s and Yak-23s entered the air force, and in 1952, other 88 aircraft: MiG-15 and MiG-17. In 1958, the first supersonic fighter MiG-19 entered the inventory. Three years later, in February 1962, a new fighter was added to the inventory, MiG-21, which represented one of the most effective fighters of that time. Starting with 1974, Romanian-made aircraft supplemented the already existing jets. The Romanian IAR-93 attack aircraft flew its first flight on 31 October 1974. It represented a great step forward taking into account that it was the only jet fighter not made by the Soviets, the only one ever manufactured and operated by a Warsaw Pact country. In 1962, the first helicopter subunits were established and followed later on, in 1965, by the first Soviet Mi-2 and Mi-4 helicopters. Renewing the aircraft fleet process went on, the first 12 MiG-23s entering the service between July–September 1979. On 14 May 1981, at 20:16, Soviet spaceship Soyuz-40 was launched from Baikonur to perform a common Romanian-Soviet flight, with Lieutenant Dumitru Prunariu and Colonel Leonid Popov as commander on board. During the early 1980s, 67th Fighter-Bomber Regiment and 49th Fighter-Bomber Regiment from Craiova and Ianca were equipped with new IAR-93s, which replaced old MiG-15s and MiG-17s. In December 1989, just a few days before the Romanian revolution against communism began, MiG-29 aircraft entered the Air Force inventory. Since 19902007 Baltic Air PolicingFour MiG-21 LanceR Cs were deployed from August–November 2007 at Šiauliai, in Lithuania for Baltic Air Policing. The Romanian detachment succeeded the French Air Force Mirage 2000Cs of Escadron de Chasse 01.012 from Cambrai, which fulfilled the Baltic Air Policing since May 2007. Once the RoAF finished its three-month stint, a Portuguese Air Force detachment took over the mission.[24] The four aircraft and most of the staff came from the 71st Air Base. A total of 67 personnel, among them nine pilots, were part of the detachment: 63 served at Šiauliai, while other four served at the air traffic control centre in Kaunas, to ensure smooth cooperation with local authorities. The Romanian detachment attracted attention from the local media, not least from the fact that it was only the second time a fighter from the Soviet era deployed to Šiauliai - Polish Air Force MiG-29s had also been deployed there in 2006.[25] StructureAir Force General StaffThe Romanian Air Force General Staff represents the military concept-developing, command and executive structure providing Air Forces peacetime, crisis and wartime leadership in order to reach, maintain and increase, as required, the operational level of the military subordinated structures so that to be able to operate under authorized commands responsible for military operations planning and conduct. Generate, mobilize, structure, equip, operationalize and regenerate the required forces, provide the logistic support necessary to conduct military operations and based on higher orders, take over both the Joint Operation Air Component and independent air operations command and control, through the Main Air Operational Center. Starting with July 1, 2010, the Romanian Air Force bases were renamed to Air Flotillas.[26] Units{{Location map+ | Romania | relief = 1 | float=right | width=520| places={{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=71st Air Base|lat= 46.503333 |long= 23.925 |position=right|mark=Red pog.svg}}{{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=|lat= 46.503333 |long= 23.835 |position=right|mark=Lightgreen pog.svg}}{{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=86th Air Base|lat= 44.395556 |long= 27.725556 |position=top|mark=Red pog.svg}}{{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=90th Airlift B.|lat= 44.561667 |long= 26.089167 |position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}{{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=95th Air Base|lat= 46.521667 |long= 26.910278 |position=right|mark=Red pog.svg}}{{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=Application School|lat= 45.216736 |long= 26.979366 |position=right|mark=Green pog.svg}}{{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=Mihail K.|lat= 44.362997 |long= 28.486997 |position=right|mark=Pink pog.svg}}{{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=Bucharest|lat= 44.4325 |long= 26.103889 |position=right|mark=Lightgreen pog.svg}}{{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=Ovidiu|lat= 44.27 |long= 28.56 |position=bottom|mark=Orange pog.svg}}{{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=Giarmata|lat= 45.81 |long= 21.338056 |position=right|mark=Orange pog.svg}}{{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=Suceava|lat= 47.651389 |long= 26.255556 |position=right|mark=Orange pog.svg}}{{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=Craiova|lat= 44.333333 |long= 23.816667 |position=right|mark=Orange pog.svg}}{{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=Muntele Mare|lat= 46.466667 |long= 23.2 |position=left|mark=Orange pog.svg}}{{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=Bârnova|lat= 47.15 |long= 27.583333 |position=right|mark=Orange pog.svg}}{{Location map~ | Romania | background = white |label=Curtea de Argeș|lat= 45.139167 |long= 24.679167 |position=right|mark=Steel pog.svg}}|caption=Romanian Air Force radar stations Fighter base Helicopters Other flying units AN/FPS-117(V) Radar station Control and Reporting Centre Air Signals and IT Centre}} The structure of the Romanian Air Force as of 2018 is as follows:[27]
Reserve air bases
Capu Midia Training RangeThe Capu Midia Surface-to-air Training and Air-to-Surface Shooting Range provides firing training, execution and evaluation facilities. It is located in Constanţa County, {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of the city of, Constanţa. Aircraft{{Further|List of aircraft of the Romanian Air Force}}Current inventory
Air Defense
Aircraft markingsThe Romanian roundel uses the colours of the Romanian flag. It is used on Romanian Armed Forces vehicles and Romanian Air Force aircraft. Ranks and insignia{{Main article|Romanian Armed Forces ranks and insignia}}
See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2010, page. 158 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://stiri.tvr.ro/ziua-aviatiei-romane-si-a-fortelor-aeriene-100-de-ani-de-aviatie-militara_32928.html|title=Ziua Aviaţiei Române şi a Forţelor Aeriene. 100 de ani de aviaţie militară|date=24 December 2014|work=Stiriletvr.ro|accessdate=24 December 2014}} 3. ^9am.ro, Bătălia giganţilor pentru aviaţia militară românească ("Battle of giants for the Romanian Air Force"), from Ziua, November 7, 2005 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2013-10-18/|title=Events Calendar: Dec 2014|work=Aviation International News|accessdate=24 December 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20131118072729/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2013-10-18/|archivedate=18 November 2013|df=}} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-21339322-video-avioanele-16-intrat-oficial-serviciul-fortelor-aeriene-prima-reprezentatie-cerul-romaniei.htm|title=VIDEO Avioanele F-16 au intrat oficial in serviciul Fortelor Aeriene Romane. Prima reprezentatie pe cerul Romaniei|newspaper=HotNewsRo|access-date=2016-10-26}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-21337694-dacian-ciolos-mihnea-motoc-participa-vineri-fetesti-ceremonia-sosire-tara-primelor-avioane-16.htm|title=Primele 6 avioane F-16 au intrat in dotarea armatei romane. Dacian Ciolos: Este o zi istorica pentru Romania si pentru Fortele Aeriene Romane|newspaper=HotNewsRo|access-date=2016-10-26}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Missiles-And-Rockets-2009/Romania-reveals-VL-MICA-order.html|title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's - IHS|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}} 8. ^Cer Senin Magazine, nr. 3/2009, page 10 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/jurnalul-national/jurnalul-national/defense-under-external-pressure-521816.html|title=Defense under external pressure|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gandul.info/news/basescu-anunta-locul-unde-vor-fi-amplasate-in-romania-rachetele-americanilor-ce-spune-primarul-din-deveselu-chemat-luni-seara-la-cotroceni-sa-si-dea-acordul-8219766|title=Băsescu anunţă locul UNDE VOR FI AMPLASATE ÎN ROMÂNIA RACHETELE AMERICANILOR. Ce spune primarul din Deveselu, chemat luni seară la Cotroceni să-şi dea acordul|work=Gandul.info|accessdate=24 December 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728212809/http://www.gandul.info/news/basescu-anunta-locul-unde-vor-fi-amplasate-in-romania-rachetele-americanilor-ce-spune-primarul-din-deveselu-chemat-luni-seara-la-cotroceni-sa-si-dea-acordul-8219766|archivedate=28 July 2012|df=}} 11. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-20993730-video-foto-baza-deveselu-scutul-antiracheta-din-romania-devenit-operationale-vezi-imagini-afara-din-interiorul-bazei.htm|title=VIDEO / FOTO Scutul american antiracheta din Romania a devenit operational. Vezi imagini de afara si din interiorul bazei de la Deveselu|newspaper=HotNewsRo|access-date=2016-10-26}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.agerpres.ro/social/2013/12/19/generalul-laurian-anastasof-noul-sef-al-fortelor-aeriene-10-30-15|title=Generalul Laurian Anastasof, noul șef al Forțelor Aeriene|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://horia-salca.blogspot.com/2009/11/primul-zbor-cu-balonul-in-tarile-romane.html|title=Dr. Horia Salca|author=Horia Salca|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://earlyaviators.com/enegresc.htm|title=Gheorghe Negrescu|author=Ralph S. Cooper, D.V.M.|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aviatiamagazin.com/headline/momente-din-istoria-aviatiei-militare-romane-ii/|title=Aviatia Magazin » Blog Archive Momente din istoria aviatiei militare romane (II) - Aviatia Magazin|work=Aviatia Magazin|accessdate=24 December 2014}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aviatiamagazin.com/headline/istoria-aviatiei-romane-iii/|title=Aviatia Magazin » Blog Archive Momente din istoria aviatiei romane (III) - Aviatia Magazin|work=Aviatia Magazin|accessdate=24 December 2014}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aviatiamagazin.com/headline/momente-din-istoria-aviatiei-militare-romane/|title=503 Service Unavailable|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}} 18. ^Jozef Wilczynski, Technology in Comecon: Acceleration of Technological Progress Through Economic Planning and the Market, p. 243 19. ^Keith Hitchins, Clarendon Press, 1994, Rumania 1866-1947, p. 262 20. ^Ronald L. Tarnstrom, Trogen Books, 1998, Balkan Battles, p. 326 21. ^William Green, John Fricker, MacDonald, 1958, The Air Forces of the World: Their History, Development, and Present Strength, p. 234 22. ^Green, 1971, p.25-26 23. ^Green, 1971, p.26 24. ^Air Forces Monthly, November 2007 issue, p.36. 25. ^Air Forces Monthly, November 2007 issue, p.37. 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.financiarul.ro/2010/07/02/romanias-air-force-staff-to-be-overhauled-starting-july-1-2010/|title=Romania’s Air Force Staff to be overhauled starting July 1, 2010|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}} 27. ^{{cite web |title=Structure |url=http://www.roaf.ro/?page_id=132 |publisher=Romanian Air Force |accessdate=8 June 2018}} 28. ^http://www.thenewstribe.com/2015/06/20/paf-super-mushak-jets-participate-in-bucharest-international-airshow-2015/ 29. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |last = |first = |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/insight-from-flightglobal-world-air-forces-on-the-r-432247/|title = World Air Forces 2017 |work= |publisher= Flightglobal Insight |year= 2017 |doi = |accessdate= 4 April 2017}} 30. ^International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2010, page 158. 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/romania-gets-shadow-600-36226/ |title= Romania gets Shadow 600|publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=1 June 2015}} 32. ^1 2 3 Trade Registers. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved on 12 June 2015 33. ^ roaf.ro (Romanian Air Force official website). Retrieved on 01 November 2017 Footnotes{{Reflist|30em}}Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
|publisher=Squadron/Signal Publications Inc|location=Carrollton, TX|year=1999|isbn=0897474023}}
External links{{Commons category|Air force of Romania}}
2 : Romanian Air Force|Air forces by country |
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