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词条 Hurricane Estelle (1986)
释义

  1. Meteorological history

  2. Preparations, impact, and observation

  3. See also

  4. References

{{good article}}{{Infobox Hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Estelle
| Type=hurricane
| Year=1986
| Basin=EPac
| Image location=Estelle 20 july 1986 2338.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane Estelle on July 20
| Formed=July 16, 1986
| Dissipated=July 26, 1986
| 1-min winds=115
| Pressure=
| Damages=2
| Fatalities=2 total
| Areas=Hawaii
| Hurricane season=1986 Pacific hurricane season}}

Hurricane Estelle was the first major hurricane of the above-average 1986 Pacific hurricane season. It formed as a tropical depression formed well southwest of the Baja California Peninsula on July 16, and strengthened into a tropical storm within 24 hours. Located within a favorable environment, Estelle intensified into a hurricane on July 18. It attained major hurricane status (Category 3 intensity or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale) two days later. After peaking in intensity at Category 4 strength, Estelle slowly weakened. By July 24, Estelle was no longer a hurricane while passing south of Hawaii. It completely dissipated on July 26 after further deteriorating to a tropical depression. The arrival of the hurricane prompted a hurricane watch for Hawaii, and 200 people evacuated from their homes. Hurricane Estelle produced high waves offshore Hawaii, causing $2 million in damage and two deaths. The remnants of the storm also produced intermittent showers across the state, though there was no major damage.

Meteorological history

{{storm path|Estelle 1986 track.png}}

Based on data from satellite imagery and weather reports from the cargo ships Hamburg Express and Aleksander Vermishev, the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center (EPHC) upgraded a tropical disturbance into a tropical depression. At this time, the depression was located {{convert|390|mi|km|abbr=on}} west of Clipperton Island, a small remote island in the Pacific Ocean, at 1200 UTC July 16. Moving towards the west beneath a high pressure area, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Estelle 12 hours after formation. Upon being named sea surface temperatures along the storm's path were {{convert|84|F|C|abbr=on}}, and thus Estelle began to rapidly intensify. The EPHC reported that Estelle had intensified a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale on 1200 UTC July 17, 24 hours after first forming.[1]

Shortly after attaining hurricane intensity, an eye began to appear on weather satellite imagery.[1] Based on this, the EPHC re-assessed the intensity of the system at 85 mph (135 km/h). Continuing to intensity, Hurricane Estelle became the first major hurricane of the 1986 Pacific hurricane season on 0000 UTC July 18.{{EPAC hurricane best track}} As its motion accelerated, Estelle peaked intensity at 135 mph (215 km/h). Moving west, Hurricane Estelle emerged into the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility while still a major hurricane.[1] Shortly thereafter, Estelle's forward motion increased to close to {{convert|25|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. As such, forecasters noted the path of a potential landfall on the Big Island. Due to a shearing environment from a trough, Estelle weakened as it continued to approach Hawaii. A possible re-curve towards the island never materialized, and the hurricane veered to west and passed south of the islands.[4] Estelle weakened to a tropical storm on July 23 while passing south of Hawaii,{{EPAC hurricane best track}} and two days later it weakened to a depression. The tropical cyclone dissipated on July 27.[2]

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Preparations, impact, and observation

On July 22, the National Weather Service issued a hurricane watch and high-surf advisory for the Island of Hawaii as the storm was anticipated to produce life-threatening waves throughout the island chain.[3] Gale warnings and small craft advisories were also issued.[4] Hurricane Estelle was described by meteorologists as "small but dangerous".[5] More than 200 people evacuated from their homes near the shoreline, but others refused to leave.[6] However, the hurricane watch was dropped on July 24 when Estelle weakened to a tropical storm.[7]

Due to its rapid motion, Estelle kept pace with a large swell of water that it generated. In combination with a high spring tide and peripheral winds generated by Estelle, {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}} waves crashed on the shores of the Big Island on the afternoon of July 22.[2][8] Five homes were destroyed and another five sustained extreme damage. Twelve other homes received minor damage. Three beachfront divisions were destroyed.[9] Dozens of other places in Vacation Land were also damaged. On Maui, waves washed away a dirt road on the eastern part of the island between Kipahulu and Kaupo. After Estelle passed by the islands, moisture related to the tropical cyclone caused heavy rainfall in the Ka'u and Puna districts on the Big Island.[2] On July 22, a wind gust of {{convert|55|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} was recorded near Kalapana Sand Beach.[8] The total damage was around $2 million (1986 USD). Two drownings were reported on Oahu that occurred on July 23, due to rough surf caused by Estelle.[2]

Although isolated showers were initially recorded in the southern portion of the state,[7] after Hurricane Estelle dissipated, its moisture became entrapped in a trough over the islands, causing significant rainfall and thunderstorms over the archipelago. Some areas in Hawaii received {{convert|5|in|mm|abbr=on}} to {{convert|10|in|mm|abbr=on}}.[2] The rains in Hawaii had cleared up by July 29.[10]

Estelle was a well-observed storm, with Reconnaissance Aircraft flying into the hurricane to provide a fix on its location. It also passed near NOAA Buoy 51004 on July 22, providing valuable meteorological data for its future path.[2]

See also

{{portal|tropical cyclones}}
  • List of Pacific hurricanes
  • List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes
  • Hurricane Iselle (2014)
{{clear}}

References

1. ^{{cite journal|last=Gunther|first=Emil B.|author2=R.L. Cross|title=Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1986|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=October 1987|volume=115|issue=10|pages=2507–2523|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<2507:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1987MWRv..115.2507G }}
2. ^{{cite report| year=1987| title=Annual Archives - 1986| publisher=Central Pacific Hurricane Center| accessdate=September 11, 2011| url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1986.php}}
3. ^{{cite news|title=Hurricane Estelle aims for Hawaii|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EVcaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wioEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4791,5595134&dq=hurricane+estelle&hl=en|accessdate=September 11, 2011|newspaper=The Milwaukee-Journal|date=July 22, 1984}}
4. ^{{cite news|title=National|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l95GAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xDMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2214,2420390&dq=hurricane+estelle&hl=en|accessdate=September 11, 2011|newspaper=The Evening News|date=July 23, 1986}}
5. ^{{cite news|title=Series:The Nation Today|newspaper=L.A. Times|date=July 22, 1986}}
6. ^{{cite news|title=Estelle forces evacuations|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2pFdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=klwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6782,3816701&dq=hurricane+estelle&hl=en|accessdate=September 11, 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph-Herald|date=July 22, 1986}}
7. ^{{cite news|title=Estelle downgraded; South receives isolated showers|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NgIMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dFkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2101,2158069&dq=hurricane+estelle&hl=en|accessdate=September 11, 2011|newspaper=The Evening Independent|date=July 24, 1986}}
8. ^{{cite news|title=Estelle batters Hawaii homes|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xvklAAAAIBAJ&sjid=X_MFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3771,5835343&dq=hurricane+estelle&hl=en|accessdate=September 11, 2011|newspaper=The Miami News|date=July 23, 1986}}
9. ^{{cite news|title=Hurricane waves wreck home on Hawaii island|accessdate=September 11, 2011|newspaper=The Deseret News|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9xUpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QYQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2116,3020336&dq=hurricane+estelle&hl=en|date=July 22, 1986}}
10. ^{{cite news|title=Sintara Back in Honolulu|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9z1WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=--kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4840,3699230&dq=hurricane+estelle&hl=en|accessdate=September 11, 2011|newspaper=Gainesville Sun|date=July 29, 1986}}
{{1986 Pacific hurricane season buttons}}

4 : 1986 Pacific hurricane season|Hurricanes in Hawaii|Category 4 Pacific hurricanes|1986 in Hawaii

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