| 词条 | Ashtanga vinyasa yoga |
| 释义 |
| name = Ashtanga yoga | founding_guru = K. Pattabhi Jois | founding_year = 1948 | related_schools = Iyengar yoga | practice_emphases = Employs Vinyāsa, or connecting asanas. }}Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga is a style of modern yoga created by K. Pattabhi Jois during the 20th century, often promoted as a modern-day form of classical Indian yoga.[1] The Sanskrit word "Ashtanga" or "eight limbs" is representative of the eight-fold path of yoga outlined in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. Both Pattabhi Jois and his grandson Sharath Jois encourage practice of all eight limbs of Ashtanga Yoga with special emphasis on the first 4 limbs - Yamas and Niyamas, asana and pranayama.[2] Jois established his Ashtanga Yoga Research Institute by 1948 for teaching Ashtanga (Sanskrit अष्टांग, "eight-limbed") Yoga.[3] The current style of teaching is called Mysore style after Mysore, India where the practiced was originally taught[4] Background{{refimprove section|date=May 2011}}Students are expected to memorize a sequence and practice in the same room as others without being led by the teacher. The role of the teacher is to guide as well as provide adjustments or assists in postures. In other locations, led classes are taught twice per week in place of Mysore-style classes, and the teacher will lead a group through the same series at the same time. The led classes were only introduced in Jois's senior years.[5] Sequences and seriesUsually an Ashtanga practice begins with five repetitions of Surya Namaskara A and five repetitions of Surya Namaskara B, followed by a standing sequence.[6] Following this the practitioner progresses through one of six series, followed by a standard closing sequence.[6] The six series are:
There were originally four series on the Ashtanga syllabus: Primary, Intermediate, Advanced A, and Advanced B. A fifth series of sorts was the "Rishi series", which Guruji said could be done once a practitioner had "mastered" these four.[8][9] Method of instructionAccording to Jois's grandson Sharath Jois, one must master poses before being given permission to attempt others that follow.[10] However, Manju Jois disagrees.[13][11] According to Jois's son Manju Jois, students were occasionally allowed students to practice in a non linear format.[12] In the 21st century, a "new generation" of Ashtanga vinyasa yoga teachers have adopted Sharath's new rules, and teach in a linear style without variations. Practice takes place in a strict Mysore environment under the guidance of a Sharath-approved teacher. How-to videos & workshops, detailed alignment instructions and strength-building exercises are not part of the method, neither for the practitioner or the teacher.[10] However, most of the teachers who claim to have been taught by Sharath teach the above methods, exercises, & postures.[10] Pattabhi Jois also did not require students to independently drop back and come up from back bending before progressing to the 2nd series. Sharath changed the requirements, and has now made this mandatory.{{cn|date=February 2019}} PrinciplesAshtanga vinyasa yoga emphasizes certain main components, namely tristhana ("three places of action or attention", or the more physical aspects of poses) and vinyasa (the alignment of breaths with movement).[13] TristhanaTristhana means the three places of attention or action: breathing system (pranayama), posture (asana), and looking place (drishti). These are considered core concepts for ashtanga yoga practice, encompassing the three levels of purification: the body, nervous system and the mind; and are supposed to be "performed in conjunction with each other".[13] The asanas in ashtanga yoga follow a set sequence as described above. Their stated purpose is to increase strength and flexibility of the body.[13] Officially, the style has very little alignment instruction.[14] However, many of Pattabhi Jois' earliest teachers did emphasize very detailed alignment and posture-break down instructions, based on information they gathered outside of Pattabhi Jois direct instruction. Sharath's teachers followed a similar trend, however unlike Pattahbhi Jois' students, attribute all their knowledge to Sharath. This stands in contradiction to the fact that Sharath does not teach or speak about alignment at any point in his instruction of students or teachers.[10] Breathing is ideally even and steady in the length of the inhale and exhale.[13] Drishti is the location where one focuses the eyes while practicing asana. In the ashtanga yoga method, there is a prescribed point of focus for every asana. There are nine dristhis: the nose, between the eyebrows, navel, thumb, hands, feet, up, right side and left side.[15]Vinyasa{{main|Vinyasa}}Vinyasa is the alignment of breaths with movements in asanas while practicing yoga. Founder Pattabhi Jois states, "Vinyasa means 'breathing system'. Without vinyasa, don't do asana. When vinyasa is perfect, the mind is under control".[16] For each movement, there is one breath. All asanas are assigned a certain number of vinyasas.[10][15] According to Sharath, "The purpose of vinyasa is for internal cleansing. Breathing and moving together while performing asanas makes the blood hot, or as Pattabhi Jois says, boils the blood. Thick blood is dirty and causes disease in the body. The heat created from yoga cleans the blood and makes it thin, so that it may circulate freely".[17] Sharath also claims that the heated blood removing toxins, impurities and disease from the organs through sweat produced during the practice. He claims that "it is only through sweat that disease leaves the body and purification occurs".[10][10][17] BreathAlthough ashtanga yoga keeps a general principle of steady and even inhales and exhales, the specifics of breath during the asanas are debated. In his book, "Yoga Mala", Pattabhi Jois recommends staying five to eight breaths in a posture, or staying for as long as possible in a posture.[18] Breathing instructions given are to do rechaka and puraka, (exhale and inhale) as much as possible.[18] "It is sufficient, however, to breathe in and out five to eight times in each posture." [18] In an interview regarding the length of the breath, Pattabhi Jois instructs practitioners to (translated quote), "Inhale 10 to 15 seconds then exhale also 10 to 15 seconds".[19] He goes on to clarify, "(As) your breath strength is possibly 10 second inhalations and exhalations, you do 10, 15 seconds possible, you do 15. One hundred possible, you perform 100. 5 is possible, you do 5".[19] His son Manju Jois also recommends taking more breaths in difficult postures.[20] Various influential figures have discussed the specific process of breath in ashtanga. Pattabhi Jois recommends breathing fully and deeply with the mouth closed, although does not specifically refer to Ujjayi breathing.[18] However, Manju Jois does and refers to breathing called "dirgha rechaka puraka, meaning long, deep, slow exhalations and inhalations. It should be dirgha... long, and like music. The sound is very important. You have to do the Ujjayi pranayama".[20] In late 2011, Sharath Jois, the grandson of Pattabhi Jois, declared his feelings on the issue, stating that Ujjayi breathing was not done in the asana practice, but also stated that the breathing should be deep breathing with sound.[21] He reiterated this notion in a conference in 2013 stating, "You do normal breath, inhalation and exhalation with sound. Ujjayi breath is a type of prāṇāyāma. This is just normal breath with free flow".[10][22] In 2014 published on YouTube, Manju Jois dodged the question, "What is the difference between Ujjayi breathing and free breathing?" by saying that "the breathing in Ashtanga should be long and deep with the sound like the ocean". He also states that if you don't make sound, that is okay, too. However he makes no distinction between the two terms and provides no explanation.[23] As far as other types of Pranayama in Ashtanga, the consensus seems to be they should be practiced after the asanas have been mastered. Pattabhi Jois originally taught Pranayama to those practicing the second series, and later changed his mind, teaching Pranayama after the third series.[24][25][26] Sharath Jois recently produced a series of videos teaching alternate nostril breathing to beginners. This was never taught to beginners by his grandfather, and is one of the many changes Sharath has made to the Ashtanga Yoga method of instruction.,[14][16] BandhasBandhas are one of the three key principles in Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga, alongside breath and drishti. There are three principal bandhas which are considered internal body locks:
Both Pattabhi Jois and Sharath Jois recommend practicing Mula and Uddiyana bandha even when not practicing asana. Pattabhi Jois has this to say: (translated quote) "You completely exhale, apply mulabandha and after inhaling you apply uddiyana bandha. Both bandhas are very important... After bandha practice, take (your attention) to the location where they are applied and maintain that attention at all times, while walking, talking, sleeping and when walk is finished. Always you control mulabandha".[27] Connection between breath and bandhas Sharath Jois says, "Without bandhas, breathing will not be correct, and the asanas will give no benefit".[15] MantrasThe Ashtanga practice is traditionally started with the following Sanskrit mantra:[28] {{quotation|vande gurūṇāṁ caraṇāravinde saṁdarśita svātma sukhāvabodhe niḥśreyase jāṅ̇galikāyamāne saṁsāra hālāhala mohaśāntyai ābāhu puruṣākāraṁ śaṅ̇khacakrāsi dhāriṇam sahasra śirasaṁ śvetam praṇamāmi patañjalim which is roughly translated into English as: {{quotation|I bow to the lotus feet of the gurus, The awakening happiness of one's own self revealed, Beyond better, acting like the jungle physician, Pacifying delusion, the poison of Samsara. Taking the form of a man to the shoulders, Holding a conch, a discus, and a sword, One thousand heads white, To Patanjali, I salute. and closes with the mangala mantra:[29] {{quotation|svastiprajābhyaḥ paripālayantāṁ nyāyena mārgeṇa mahīṁ mahīśāḥ gobrāhmaṇebhyaḥ śubhamastu nityaṁ lokāḥ samastāḥ sukhinobhavantu which is roughly translated into English as: {{quotation|May all be well with mankind, May the leaders of the Earth protect in every way by keeping to the right path. May there be goodness for those who know the Earth to be sacred. May all the worlds be happy. HistoryPattabhi Jois claimed to have learned the system of Ashtanga from Sri T. Krishnamcharya, who in turn claimed to have learned it from a supposed text called Yoga Kurunta by an otherwise unknown author, Vamama Rishi.[30] This text was imparted to Krishnamacharya in the early 1900s by his Guru, Yogeshwara Ramamohana Brahmachari. Jois insists that the text described all of the āsanas and vinyāsas of the sequences of the Ashtanga system.[31] However, the Yoga Kurunta text is said to have been eaten by ants, so it is impossible to verify his assertions.[31] Additionally, it is unusual that the text is not mentioned as a source in either of the books by Krishnamacharya, Yoga Makaranda (1934) and Yogāsanagalu (c. 1941).[31] According to Manju Jois, the sequences of Ashtanga yoga were created by Krishnamcharya.[32] There is some evidence to support this in his book Yoga Makaranda, which list nearly all postures of the Pattabhi Jois Primary Series and several postures from the intermediate and advanced series, described with reference to vinyasa.[33] There is also evidence that the Ashtanga Yoga series incorporates exercises used by Indian wrestlers and British gymnasts.[34] Recent academic research details documentary evidence that physical journals in the early 20th century were full of the postural shapes that were very similar to Krishnamacharya's asana system.[35] In particular, the flowing Surya Namaskar, which later became the basis of Krishnamacharya's Mysore style, was in the 1930s considered as exercise, not part of yoga; Surya Namaskar and Krishnamacharya's yoga were taught separately, in adjacent halls of the Mysore palace.[35] AshtangaJois never made a distinction between his sequences of asana and the eight-limbed Ashtanga Yoga of Patanjali and the Yoga Sutras. Patanjali outlined eight "limbs" of spiritual yogic practice in his Yoga Sutras, namely Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana, and Samadhi.[36] It was Jois's belief that asana, the third limb, must be practiced first, and only after that could one master the other seven limbs.[16][17] However, the name Ashtanga in Jois's usage may refer to the old name of Surya Namaskar in the system of dand gymnastic exercises, which was Ashtang dand, after one of the original postures in the sequence, Ashtanga Namaskara (now replaced by Chaturanga Dandasana), in which 8 body parts all touch the ground, rather than Patanjali's yoga.[35] TraditionThere is a lot of debate over the term "traditional" as applied to Ashtanga Yoga. The founder's students noted he modified the sequence to suit the practitioner.[37] Some of the differences include the addition or subtraction of postures in the sequences,[6][16] changes to the vinyasa (full and half vinyasa),[24][38][39] and specific practice prescriptions to specific people.[37][40] Several changes to the practice have been made since its conception. Nancy Gilgoff, an early student, describes many differences in the way she was taught ashtanga to the way it is taught now.[8] According to her experiences, some of the differences include: Pattabhi Jois originally left out seven postures in the standing sequence, but later assigned Utthita Hasta Padangusthasana and Ardha Baddha Padmottanasana before the Intermediate Series was given; Utkatasana, Virabhadrasana A and B, Parivritta Trikonasana, and Parivritta Parsvakonasana were not in the series at this point; and Jois did not give her vinyasa between sides of the body poses or between variations of a pose (e.g., Janu Sirsasana A, B, and C were done together, then a vinyasa. Likewise Baddha Koṇāsana, Upavishta Konasana, and Supta Konasana were also grouped together without vinyasa between them, as were Ubhaya Padangusthasana and Urdhva Mukha Paschimottanasana.[8] According to Gilgoff, Pattabhi Jois prescribed practicing twice a day, primary and intermediate, with no vinyasa between sides in Krounchasana, Bharadvajasana, Ardha Matsyendrasana, Eka Pada Sirsasana, Parighasana, and Gomukhasana in the intermediate series. Shalabhasana to Parsva Dhanurasana were done in a group, with a vinyasa only at the end. Ushtrasana through Kapotasana also were done all together. The same went for Eka Pada Sirsasana through Yoganidrasana. The closing sequence included only Mudrasana, Padmasana, and Tolasana until the completion of the Intermediate sequence, when the remainder of the closing sequence was assigned. Urdhva Dhanurasana and "drop-backs" were taught after Intermediate Series. She states that the original Intermediate series included Vrishchikasana after Karandavasana and ended with Gomukhasana. She also notes that Pattabhi Jois added Supta Urdhva Pada Vajrasana as well as the seven headstands when another yogi asked for more; these eight postures were not part of the Intermediate Series prior to this.[8] Power yoga spinoffsPower yoga is a style of yoga created by Bryan Kest in the late 80s.[41][42] Baron Baptiste, a Bikram enthusiast, put his own spin on the style, and branded it. Neither Baron Baptiste's power yoga nor Bryan Kest's power yoga are synonymous with Ashtanga yoga. In 1995, Pattabhi Jois wrote a letter to Yoga Journal expressing his disappointment at the association between his Ashtanga Yoga, and the newly coined style "power yoga", referring to it as "ignorant bodybuilding".[43] Risk of injuryIn an article published by The Economist, it was reported that "a good number of Mr Jois's students seemed constantly to be limping around with injured knees or backs because they had received his "adjustments", yanking them into Lotus, the splits or a backbend".[44] Tim Miller, one of Jois's students, indicates that "the adjustments were fairly ferocious".[45] Injuries related to Jois's Ashtanga Yoga have been the subject of discussion in a Huffington Post article.[46] In 2008, yoga researchers in Europe published a survey of practitioners of Ashtanga Yoga, indicating that 62 percent of the respondents had suffered at least one injury that lasted longer than one month. However, the survey lacked a control group (of similar people not subject to the treatment, such as people who had practised a different form of yoga), limiting its validity.[47][48] See also{{Portal|Yoga}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ashtanga.com/html/background.html |title=Ashtanga Yoga Background |publisher=Ashtanga Yoga |accessdate=2011-08-20| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110725091511/http://www.ashtanga.com/html/background.html| archivedate=25 July 2011 | deadurl= no}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://ekaminhale.com/blogs/news/12763929-my-mysore-conference-notes-mar-9-2014 |title=My Mysore Conference Notes - Mar 9 2014 |website=Ekaminhale.com | accessdate=26 November 2018}} 3. ^Jois, K. Pattabhi. Yoga Mala. New York: North Point Press, 2002. {{page needed|date=February 2019}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://joisyoga.com/practice/mysore-style/|title=Mysore Style|date=2013-02-17|website=Jois Yoga|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-07}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://mysorestyle.ie/mysore-style/ |title=Mysore Style |date=7 October 2011|website=Mysorestyle.ie |accessdate=26 November 2018}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite book | last=Swenson | first=David | title=Ashtanga yoga : the practice manual | publisher=Ashtanga Yoga Productions | publication-place=Houston, TX | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-891252-08-2 | oclc=46344188 | pages= }} {{page needed|date=February 2019}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ashtangayoga.info/|title=AYI.info - The International Ashtanga Yoga Information Page|website=Ashtangayoga.info|accessdate=26 November 2018}} 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.ashtangamaui.com/articles-by-nancy/ |title=Articles by Nancy — House of Yoga and Zen |website=House of Yoga and Zen |accessdate=26 November 2018}} 9. ^{{Cite web |url=http://ashtangayogatherapy.com/bio |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224010046/http://ashtangayogatherapy.com/bio |archive-date=24 December 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Astanga Yoga Anusthana 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://loveyogaanatomy.com/manju-jois-mini-interview/ |title=Manju Jois Mini Interview |date=24 October 2014 |website=Loveyogaanatomy.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://aysnyc.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=137&Itemid=161 |title=Ashtanga Yoga Shala NYC - Manju Jois - New York 2000 |website=Aysnyc.org |accessdate=26 November 2018}} 13. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web |url=http://sharathjois.com/the-practice/ |title=THE PRACTICE {{!}} SHARATH JOIS |website=sharathjois.com |access-date=2018-06-04}} 14. ^1 Yoga Breathing for Stress Relief with Sharath Jois 15. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://kpjayi.org/the-practice|title=SHARATH JOIS|website=Kpjayi.org|accessdate=26 November 2018}} 16. ^1 2 3 Yoga Mala {{pn|date=February 2019}} 17. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://kpjayi.org/the-institute/teachers |title=Sharath Jois |publisher=KPJAYI |accessdate=26 November 2018}} 18. ^1 2 3 pg 108, Yoga Mala 19. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://aysnyc.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=162 |title=On Vinyasa |first= |last=guy |publisher=Ashtanga Yoga Shala NYC |accessdate=26 November 2018}} 20. ^1 2 {{cite journal |url=http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/477116/5091764/1261014095430/Manju_Jois.pdf?token=%2BVAJGlnrwmABlUKlnr5OWV8el1E%3D |author=Clark, Richard |title=Manju Jois |journal=Australian Yoga Life |issue=12 |date=7 February 2005 |pages=42–45}} 21. ^{{Cite web |url=http://yogarose.net/2012/08/13/the-long-and-the-short-of-it-on-the-ashtanga-breath-which-for-the-record-is-not-ujjayi/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203081137/http://yogarose.net/2012/08/13/the-long-and-the-short-of-it-on-the-ashtanga-breath-which-for-the-record-is-not-ujjayi/ |archive-date=3 February 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://joisyoga.com/2013/06/16/conference-notes-with-sharath-jois-kpjayi-march-2013/|title=Conference Notes with Sharath Jois: KPJAYI, March 2013|date=17 June 2013|website=Joyisyoga.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}} 23. ^Manju Mini interview 2014 on YouTube 24. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ashtanga.com/html/article_miller_tim.html|title=Ashtanga.com Articles: Tim Miller Interview by Deborah Crooks|website=Ashtanga.com|accessdate=26 November 2018}} 25. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.ashtanga-yoga-victoria.com/k-pattabhi-jois.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524134645/http://www.ashtanga-yoga-victoria.com/k-pattabhi-jois.html |archive-date=24 May 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://aysnyc.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=97&Itemid=184|title=Ashtanga Yoga Shala NYC - David Williams - Maui 2001|first=|last=guy|website=Aysnyc.org|accessdate=26 November 2018}} 27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ashtangayogashala.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=116&Itemid=162 |title=Ashtanga Yoga Shala NYC - On Pranayama, Bandha and Drishti |website=Ashtangayogashala.net| accessdate=26 November 2018}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://kpjayi.org/the-practice/opening-prayer|title=SHARATH JOIS|website=Kpjayi.org|accessdate=26 November 2018}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://kpjayi.org/the-practice/closing-prayer|title=SHARATH JOIS|website=Kpjayi.org|accessdate=26 November 2018}} 30. ^Eddie Sterne, Guruji: A Portrait of Sri K. Pattabhi Jois Through the Eyes of His Students 31. ^1 2 Yoga Body 32. ^{{cite web |url=http://ashtangayogashala.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=137&Itemid=184 |title=Ashtanga Yoga Shala NYC - Manju Jois - New York 2000 |website=Ashtanga Yoga Shala |accessdate=26 November 2018}} 33. ^Krishnamacharya, T. Yoga Makaranda, 1934 34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/466 |title=New Light on Yoga |last=Cushman |first=Anne |publisher=Yoga Journal}} 35. ^1 2 {{cite book |url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/ReligionTheology/Hinduism/?view=usa&ci=9780195395341 |title=Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice |last=Singleton |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Singleton (yoga teacher) |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=175-210}} 36. ^Scott, John. Ashtanga Yoga: The Definitive Step-by-Step Guide to Dynamic Yoga. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000. Pp. 14-17. 37. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://theconfluencecountdown.com/2012/01/05/who-has-done-all-of-the-ashtanga-series-does-it-matter/|title=Who has done all of the Ashtanga series? Does it matter?|date=5 January 2012|publisher=|accessdate=26 November 2018}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://ashtangayogashala.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=98&Itemid=162|title=Ashtanga Yoga Shala NYC - On Practice |website=Ashtanga Yoga Shala |accessdate=26 November 2018}} 39. ^Lino Miele, Astanga Yoga Book - The Yoga of Breath 40. ^{{Cite web |url=http://yogamindmedicine.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/reflections-on-guruji-portrait.html#more |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524115406/http://yogamindmedicine.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/reflections-on-guruji-portrait.html#more#more |archive-date=24 May 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 41. ^{{cite book | last=Singleton | first=Mark | authorlink=Mark Singleton (yoga teacher) | title=Yoga body : the origins of modern posture practice | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-19-539534-1 | oclc=318191988 | page=176}} 42. ^{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iwFEl6Oxex8C&pg=PA291&lpg=PA291&dq=beryl+bender+birch+power+yoga#v=onepage&q&f=false | title = Power yoga: The total strength and flexibility workout | isbn = 978-0-02-058351-6 | author1 = Birch | first1 = Beryl Bender | date = 1995-01-17}} 43. ^{{Cite web | url =http://aylibrary.blogspot.jp/2012/10/a-letter-from-srik-pattabhi-jois-to.html | title = A letter from Sri.K. Pattabhi Jois to Yoga Journal, Nov. 1995 |publisher= Ashtanga Yoga Library | accessdate = 9 October 2014 }} 44. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/node/13776890|title=Pattabhi Jois|website=The Economist|access-date=2017-12-28}} 45. ^{{citation | last = McLean | first = Bethany | url = http://www.vanityfair.com/business/2012/04/krishna-pattanbhi-trophy-wife-ashtanga-yoga | title = Yoga-for-Trophy-Wives Fitness Fad That’s Alienating Discipline Devotees | work = Vanity Fair | date = April 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130112201151/http://www.vanityfair.com/business/2012/04/krishna-pattanbhi-trophy-wife-ashtanga-yoga | archivedate= 12 January 2013}} 46. ^{{citation | last = Cahn | first = Lauren | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lauren-cahn/five-words-that-do-emnote_b_250065.html | title = Five Words That Do Not Belong In Yoga | work = Huffington Post | date = 3 August 2009 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120828053532/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lauren-cahn/five-words-that-do-emnote_b_250065.html | archivedate= 28 August 2012}} 47. ^{{cite book |last=Broad |first=William |authorlink=William Broad |year=2012 |title=The Science of Yoga: The Risks and the Rewards | isbn=9781451641424 | publisher=Simon & Schuster, Inc. | location= New York, USA | pages=133–134}} 48. ^{{cite journal |last1= Mikkonen |first1= Jani |last2= Pederson |first2= Palle | last3= McCarthy | first3= Peter William |year= 2008 |title= A Survey of Musculoskeletal Injury among Ashtanga Yoga Practitioners |journal= International Journal of Yoga Therapy | issue = 18 |pages= 59–64}} Further reading
External links
2 : Yoga styles|Modern yoga |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。