| 词条 | Huwen op Bevel |
| 释义 |
| name = Huwen op Bevel | image = Huwen op Bevel ad.jpg | image size = | border = | alt = | caption =Advertisement, Batavia | director =G. Krugers | producer ={{Plain list|
}} | writer = | starring = | music = | cinematography = Tembang Ketjapi | editing = | studio = Tan's Film | distributor = | released = {{Film date|1931|08||Dutch East Indies|df=yes}} | runtime = | country = Dutch East Indies | language = Malay | budget = | gross = }} Huwen op Bevel (also known as Terpaksa Menikah, both meaning Forced to Marry) is a 1931 romance film from the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Directed by G. Krugers and thought to have been produced by Tan's Film, it follows two young lovers who are nearly separated but can ultimately be together. A critical flop, it was Krugers's last as a director. It is likely lost. PlotA young Indonesian intellectual falls in love with a woman. Although she loves him, she is told to marry an older man, one who has gone on the hajj. Ultimately they are able to be together.{{sfn|Het Nieuws 1931, Film-critieken}} ProductionHuwen op Bevel was directed by the Indo director G. Krugers and produced by Krugers in collaboration with Tan Khoen Yauw of Tan's Film. The Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran suggests that Krugers, whose last film Karnadi Anemer Bangkong (1930) was produced by his own Krugers Filmbedrijf in Bandung, had run out of funds during production and thus began working for Tan;{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=76}} he credits this to Karnadi Anemer Bangkong{{'s}} failure.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=138}} Concurrently with his work on Huwen op Bevel, for which he also handled the cinematography, Krugers likely served as cameraman for Tan's talkie version of Njai Dasima, directed by Bachtiar Effendi.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=98}} The film's dialogue was in Malay.{{sfn|Soerabaijasch Handelsblad 1931, (Untitled)}} Songs were sung by the kroncong group Tembang Ketjapi.{{sfn|Het Nieuws 1931, (untitled)}} Release and receptionHuwen op Bevel was released in 1931,{{sfn|Het Nieuws 1931, Film-critieken}} although several sources list it as being from 1932.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=143}}{{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Terpaksa Menika}} It screened in Batavia (now Jakarta) in August,{{sfn|Het Nieuws 1931, Film-critieken}} reaching Medan in late September{{sfn|De Soematra Post 1931, Kunst en Vermakelijkheden}} and Surabaya by mid-October.{{sfn|De Indische Courant 1931, Bioscopen}} The film was advertised as having full sound, including music and singing. Later advertisements compared it with Tan's production, Njai Dasima.{{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Terpaksa Menika}} It was advertised as the first sound film in the Indies and referred to as such by some later writings.{{sfn|De Soematra Post 1931, Filmnieuws}} Biran, however, writes that Krugers's earlier film Karnadi Anemer Bangkong featured sound.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=137}} Huwen op Bevel received negative reviews. One in the Batavia-based Het Nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië found the film to lack contrast and have poor vocal synchronisation; the reviewer summarised that "turning the crank is not enough; a filmmaker must master the technique".{{efn|Original: "Het draaien aan een zwengel is bii het opnemen van films niet voldoende, men moet ook de film-techniek meester zijn"}}{{sfn|Het Nieuws 1931, Film-critieken}} The film was a commercial failure{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=98}} and proved Krugers's last film. He left the Indies in 1936 and moved to Hong Kong, where he died in 1937.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=143}} Huwen op Bevel is likely a lost film. The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider writes that all Indonesian films made before 1950 are lost.{{sfn|Heider|1991|p=14}} However, JB Kristanto's Katalog Film Indonesia (Indonesian Film Catalogue) records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia's archives, and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=351}} Some contemporary reviews gave Indonesian-language translations of the title, like Nika Terpaksa.{{sfn|De Indische Courant 1931, (untitled)}} More recent sources have given the translation Terpaksa Menikah.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=143}}{{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Terpaksa Menika}} Explanatory notes{{notelist}}FootnotesWorks cited{{refbegin|40em}}
|title=Bioscopen |trans-title=Theatres |language=Dutch |url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010284124%3Ampeg21%3Ap002%3Aa0095 |work=De Indische Courant |location=Surabaya |page=2 |date=17 October 1931 |publisher= |accessdate=7 February 2013 |ref={{sfnRef|De Indische Courant 1931, Bioscopen}} }}
|title=Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa |trans-title=History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java |language=Indonesian |last=Biran |first=Misbach Yusa |author-link=Misbach Yusa Biran |publisher=Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council |year=2009 |isbn=978-979-3731-58-2 |ref=harv }}
|title=Film-critieken. "Huwen op Bevel." |trans-title=Film review "Huwen op Bevel." |language=Dutch |url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010229261%3Ampeg21%3Ap005%3Aa0112 |work=Het Nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië |location=Batavia |page=5 |date=11 August 1931 |publisher=NV Mij tot Expl. van Dagbladen |accessdate=7 February 2013 |ref={{sfnRef|Het Nieuws 1931, Film-critieken}} }}
|title=Filmnieuws. Inlandsche Films |trans-title=Film News: Inlander Films |language=Dutch |url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/text/id/ddd%3A010971009%3Ampeg21%3Ap005%3Aa0116 |work=De Soematra Post |location=Medan |page=5 |date=3 October 1931 |publisher=J. Hallermann |accessdate=7 February 2013 |ref={{sfnRef|De Soematra Post 1931, Filmnieuws}} }}
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4DVrBo91lEC |title=Indonesian Cinema: National Culture on Screen |isbn=978-0-8248-1367-3 |author1=Heider |first1=Karl G |year=1991 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu |ref=harv }}
|title=Kunst en Vermakelijkheden |trans-title=Art and Entertainment |language=Dutch |url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010971006%3Ampeg21%3Ap007%3Aa0132 |work=De Soematra Post |location=Medan |page=7 |date=30 September 1931 |publisher=J. Hallermann |accessdate=7 February 2013 |ref={{sfnRef|De Soematra Post 1931, Kunst en Vermakelijkheden}} }}
|title=Terpaksa Menika |language=Indonesian |url=http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-t014-32-808036_terpaksa-menika |work=filmindonesia.or.id |publisher=Konfidan Foundation |location=Jakarta |accessdate=7 February 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6EFg8gIvE?url=http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-t014-32-808036_terpaksa-menika |archivedate=7 February 2013 |ref={{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Terpaksa Menika}} |deadurl=yes |df= }}
|title=(untitled) |language=Dutch |url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010639008%3Ampeg21%3Ap011%3Aa0045 |work=De Indische Courant |location=Surabaya |page=11 |date=19 October 1931 |publisher= |accessdate=7 February 2013 |ref={{sfnRef|De Indische Courant 1931, (untitled)}} }}
|title=(untitled) |language=Dutch |url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010229261%3Ampeg21%3Ap007%3Aa0023 |work=Het Nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië |location=Batavia |page=7 |date=11 August 1931 |publisher=NV Mij tot Expl. van Dagbladen |accessdate=7 February 2013 |ref={{sfnRef|Het Nieuws 1931, (untitled)}} }}
|title=(untitled) |language=Dutch |url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A011109437%3Ampeg21%3Ap011%3Aa0091 |work=Soerabaijasch Handelsblad |location=Surabaya |page=11 |date=17 October 1931 |publisher=Kolff & Co |accessdate=7 February 2013 |ref={{sfnRef|Soerabaijasch Handelsblad 1931, (Untitled)}} }}{{refend}} 5 : Films of the Dutch East Indies|1930s romance films|Films directed by G. Krugers|Indonesian films|Indonesian black-and-white films |
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