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词条 Room temperature
释义

  1. Comfort levels

  2. Definitions in science and industry

  3. Serving temperature of red wine

  4. See also

  5. References

{{otheruses}}

Colloquially, room temperature is the range of air temperatures that most people prefer for indoor settings, which feel comfortable when wearing typical indoor clothing. Human comfort can extend beyond this range depending on humidity, air circulation and other factors. In certain fields, like science and engineering, and within a particular context, room temperature can mean different agreed-on ranges. In contrast, ambient temperature is the actual temperature of the air (or other medium and surroundings) in any particular place, as measured by a thermometer. It may be very different from usual room temperature, for example an unheated room in winter.

Comfort levels

{{main|Thermal comfort}}The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language identifies room temperature as around {{convert|20|to|22|C}},[1] while the Oxford English Dictionary states that it is "conventionally taken as about {{convert|20|C}}".[2]

Owing to variations in humidity and likely clothing, recommendations for summer and winter may vary; a suggested typical range for summer is {{convert|23|to|25.5|C|0}}, with that for winter being {{convert|20|to|23.5|C|0}},[3] although by other considerations the maximum should be below {{convert|24|C|F}} – and to avoid sick building syndrome, below {{convert|22|C|F}}.[3]

Some studies have suggested that thermal comfort preferences of men and women may differ significantly, with women on average preferring higher ambient temperatures.[4][5][6]{{primary-inline|date=August 2018}}

The World Health Organization's standard for comfortable warmth is {{convert|18|C|F}} for normal, healthy adults who are appropriately dressed. For those with respiratory problems or allergies, they recommend no less than {{convert|16|C|F}}, and for the sick, disabled, very old or very young, a minimum of {{convert|20|C|F}}.[7]

Definitions in science and industry

Temperature ranges are defined as room temperature for certain products and processes in industry, science, and consumer goods. For instance, for the shipping and storage of pharmaceuticals, the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF) defines controlled room temperature as between {{convert|20|to|25|C}}, with excursions between {{convert|15|to|30|C}} allowed, provided the mean kinetic temperature does not exceed {{convert|25|C}}.[8] The European Pharmacopoeia defines it as being simply {{convert|15|to|25|C}}, and the Japanese Pharmacopeia defines "ordinary temperature" as {{convert|15|to|25|C}}, with room temperature being {{convert|1|to|30|C}}.[9][10] Merriam-Webster gives as a medical definition a range of {{convert|15|to|25|C}} as being suitable for human occupancy, and at which laboratory experiments are usually performed.[11]

Serving temperature of red wine

People traditionally serve red wine at room temperature. This practice dates from before central heating, when room temperature in wine-drinking countries was considerably lower than it is today, usually in the range between {{convert|15|C|F|0}} and {{convert|18|C|F|0}}. The advice is therefore to serve the wine at, at most, about {{convert|18|C|F|0}}.[12]

See also

  • Thermal comfort
  • Standard conditions for temperature and pressure
  • ISO 1

References

1. ^{{cite book|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|edition=5th|date=2014|url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=room+temperature|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108000657/https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=room+temperature|archivedate=2015-01-08|df=}}
2. ^Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, November 2010), sub-entry at room.
3. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBbHmp2yisEC&lpg=PA149&ots=yTqUP4xIOx&dq=%2BASHRAE%20%2B%22recommended%20temperatures%22&pg=PA149#v=onepage&q=+ASHRAE%20+%22recommended%20temperatures%22&f=false|pages=149–151|title=Managing Indoor Air Quality|publisher=Fairmont Press|year=2011|first1=H. E.|last1=Burroughs|first2=Shirley|last2=Hansen|accessdate=25 December 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920182354/http://books.google.com/books?id=KBbHmp2yisEC&lpg=PA149&ots=yTqUP4xIOx&dq=%2BASHRAE%20%2B%22recommended%20temperatures%22&pg=PA149#v=onepage&q=+ASHRAE%20+%22recommended%20temperatures%22&f=false|archivedate=20 September 2014|df=}}
4. ^{{cite journal |last1=Beshir|first1=MY|last2=Ramsey|first2=JD |date=March 1981|title=Comparison between male and female subjective estimates of thermal effects and sensations|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0003687081900910?via%3Dihub|journal=Applied Ergonomics|volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=Aug 30, 2018}}
5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Karjalainen |first1=Sami |last2= |first2= |date=April 2007|title=Gender differences in thermal comfort and use of thermostats in everyday thermal environments|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132306000242|journal=Building and Environment|volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=Aug 30, 2018}}
6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Kingma|first1=Boris|last2=van Marken Lichtenbelt |first2=Wouter|date=August 2015|title=Energy consumption in buildings and female thermal demand|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2741|journal=Nature Climate Change |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=Aug 30, 2018}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12606943|title=BBC News Magazine: How warm is your home|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231162144/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12606943|archivedate=2017-12-31|df=}}
8. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.uspnf.com/sites/default/files/usp_pdf/EN/USPNF/revisions/659_rb_notice.pdf |title=General Chapter < 659> Packaging and Storage Requirements |date=1 May 2017 |website=United States Pharmacopeia |access-date=2018-04-04}}
9. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.gmp-compliance.org/gmp-news/what-are-the-regulatory-definitions-for-ambient-room-temperature-and-cold-chain |title=What are the regulatory Definitions for "Ambient", "Room Temperature" and "Cold Chain"? |date=2 March 2017 |website=ECA Academy |access-date=2018-04-04}}
10. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9XccGzr4wIC&pg=PA7&dq=%22room+temperature%22+definition&hl=en|title=Statistical Design and Analysis of Stability Studies|author=Shein-Chung Chow|publisher=CRC Press|year=2007 |series=Chapman & Hall/CRC Biostatistics Series|access-date=4 April 2018 |isbn=9781584889069|page=7|quote=1.2.3.3 Definition of Room Temperature: According to the United States Pharmacopeia National Forumlary (USP-NF), the definition of room temperature is between 15 and 30 °C in the United States. However, in the EU, the room temperature is defined as being 15 to 25 °C, while in Japan, it is defined being 1 to 30 °C.}}
11. ^{{cite book|date=2016|title=Merriam Webster's Medical Dictionary|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/room%20temperature|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410144100/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/room%20temperature|archivedate=2010-04-10|df=}}
12. ^{{cite book |title=The Wine Bible |author=Karen MacNeil |edition=revised second |page=130 |publisher=Workman Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7611-8715-8}}

4 : Environmental engineering|Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning|Science experiments|Temperature
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