| 词条 | Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant |
| 释义 |
| name = Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant | native_name = | image = | caption = | established = {{start date|1982}} (Partially operational)[1][2] | type = Basic nuclear science | research_field = Radiochemistry | president = | vice-president = | director = | head = | staff = | city = Inshas | country = Egypt[3][4] | coor = | affiliations = Nuclear Research Center[5] | operating_agency = Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority | website = | logo = | footnotes = }} the Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant (HPP) is a hot cell laboratory complex,{{cn|date=March 2019}} dedicated to perform bench-scale radiochemistry experiments including the separation of plutonium[6] and uranium from the spent fuel rods of the ETRR-1 research reactor and was established in 1982.[1][2] The HPP is owned and operated by the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (AEA)[1] at the Nuclear Research Center in Inshas,[5] northeast of Cairo.[7] HistoryAt the late of 1970s, Egypt was motivated to build eight nuclear power plants and to develop experience at the back end of a nuclear fuel cycle and was concluded several contracts with an unnamed foreign company to build the Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant (HPP).[1][2] HPP was originally designed as a nuclear reprocessing facility,[2][8] and in 1982, the second laboratory became operational.[1] OverviewThe HPP consists of three laboratories, the first laboratory consists of three hot cells (modules 1-3)[1] with the first module, is shielded alpha particle cell dedicated for mechanical shearing of research reactor fuel, it was unfinished due to the inability to secure the necessary export licence for the shearing equipment from the foreign vendor. The second module, is dissolver and mixer-settlers for first stage fission product separation. The third module, was designed for waste vitrification with no equipment had been installed.[2] The second laboratory contains two modules, module 4, whish is a lead shielded glove box for second stage fission product separation using mixer settlers, while module 5, is an unshielded glove box for the separation of plutonium from uranium.[1][2] The third laboratory consists of two connected glove box lines suitable for plutonium chemistry but which contain no equipment.[2] HPP possess a minor plutonium processing capacity and unable to reprocess and extract weapons-grade plutonium from the spent fuel of the research reactors due to the inability to complete the facility,[1][9] however, Egypt decided to use one cell of the HPP within the framework of a project for the management of unused and orphan radioactive sealed sources,[2] which provides Egypt with the research capabilities on the back-end of nuclear fuel cycle.[1] Undeclared nuclear materials and activities{{main|Nuclear program of Egypt#Undeclared nuclear activity}}In early 2001, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) detected particles of actinides and fission products near the HPP facility, which shed light on the existence of the HPP.[1] In November 2004 and January 2005, Egypt declared that, in 1987, it had carried out acceptance tests in the HPP using unirradiated uranyl nitrate in chemical reagents purchased from the local market while the uranyl nitrate had been mixed with a solution obtained from the dissolution of domestically produced scrap UO2 pellets (with 1.9 kg of uranium compounds). Egypt rationalized that it did not inform the IAEA about the facility, materials nor their use in the tests as the HPP never completed and it was designed for bench scale radiochemistry experiments, while Egypt should have declared the HPP to the Agency as early as possible prior to the introduction of nuclear material into the facility, according to the Safeguards Agreement which came into force in 1982.[2] Therefore, between 2004 and 2006, Egypt had submitted design information for the HPP and had provide inventory change reports (ICRs) with respect to the acceptance tests.[5] In 2009, The IAEA's Safeguards Implementation Report (SIR) for 2008, concludes that earlier issues of undeclared nuclear activities and material reported to the Board of Governors in February 2005 are no longer outstanding.[5] See also{{Portal|Nuclear technology}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web|title=Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant (HPP)|url=http://www.nti.org/facilities/374/|website=Nuclear Threat Initiative|publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies|accessdate=4 May 2015}} {{coord missing|Egypt}}{{Nuclear Fuel Cycle Activities in Egypt}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|title=Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Arab Republic of Egypt|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/2005/egypt_iaea_gov-2005-9_14nov2005.pdf|website=globalsecurity.org|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency|accessdate=4 May 2015}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Tertrais|first1=Bruno|title=After Iran: Prospects For Nuclear Proliferation In North Africa (updates)|url=http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1106&rt=&key=iran&sec=article|website=Nonproliferation Policy Education Center|accessdate=4 May 2015|location=France|date=19 October 2011}} 4. ^{{cite web|last1=Saenz|first1=Lisa|title=WMD Terrorism and The Al Qaeda Network: An Analysis of AQIM and Al Shabaab|url=http://academics.utep.edu/Portals/4302/Lisa%20Saenz%20(Capstone).pdf|publisher=Intelligence and National Security Studies Capstone|accessdate=5 May 2015}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=IAEA/EGYPT: Safeguards Implementation Report Cites Investigation of LEU/HEU Particles Found at Inshas Nuclear Center|url=https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09UNVIEVIENNA218_a.html|publisher=WikiLeaks|accessdate=5 May 2015|location=Vienna|date=8 May 2009}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Müller|first1=Harald|last2=Müller|first2=Daniel|title=WMD Arms Control in the Middle East: Prospects, Obstacles and Options|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9781472435941|page=114|url=https://books.google.com.eg/books?id=-aMQBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=4 May 2015}} 7. ^{{cite news|last1=Esterman|first1=Isabel|title=Putin visit awakens nuclear energy ambitions|url=http://www.madamasr.com/sections/environment/putin-visit-awakens-nuclear-energy-ambitions|accessdate=5 May 2015|work=Mada Masr|date=9 March 2015}} 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Gabrielsen|first1=Andreas|title=Drivers of nuclear weapons proliferation in Egypt and Saudi Arabia|url=http://www.ffi.no/no/Rapporter/13-02307.pdf|website=Norwegian Defence Research Establishment|accessdate=4 May 2015|date=3 October 2013}} 9. ^{{cite web|last1=Blanc|first1=Alexis|last2=Roberts|first2=Brad|title=Nuclear Proliferation: A Historical Overview|url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA482642|publisher=Institute for Defense Analyses|accessdate=5 May 2015|date=March 2008}} 5 : Nuclear technology in Egypt|Research institutes in Egypt|Nuclear program of Egypt|Nuclear research institutes|1982 establishments in Egypt |
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