“Roosevelt Island”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The island was called Minnehanonck by the Lenape and Varkens Eylandt (Hog Island) by New Netherlanders, and during the colonial era and later as Blackwell{{'}}s Island. It was known as Welfare Island when it was used principally for hospitals, from 1921 to 1973.^[5] It was renamed Roosevelt Island (after Franklin D. Roosevelt) in 1973.^[6]

Roosevelt Island is owned by the city but was leased to New York state's Urban Development Corporation for 99 years in 1969. Most of the residential buildings on Roosevelt Island are rental buildings. There is also a cooperative named Rivercross and a condominium building named Riverwalk. One rental building (Eastwood) has left New York State's Mitchell-Lama Housing Program, though current residents are still protected. It is now called Roosevelt Landings. There are attempts to privatize three other buildings, including the cooperative.

{{Anchor|Development|Island development}}History

In 1637, Dutch Governor Wouter van Twiller purchased the island, then known as Hog Island, from the Canarsie Indians.^[7]^[8] After the English defeated the Dutch in 1666, Captain John Manning seized the island, which became known as Manning's Island, and twenty years later, Manning's son-in-law, Robert Blackwell, became the island's new owner and namesake.^[9] In 1796, Blackwell's great-grandson Jacob Blackwell constructed the Blackwell House, which is the island's oldest landmark, New York City's sixth oldest house, and one of the city's few remaining examples of 18th-century architecture.^[9]

Through the 19th century, the island housed several hospitals and a prison. In 1828, the City of New York purchased the island for $32,000 ({{Inflation |US|32000|1828|fmt=eq}}), and four years later, the city erected a penitentiary on the island; the Penitentiary Hospital was built to serve the needs of the prison inmates. By 1839, the New York City Lunatic Asylum opened, including the Octagon Tower, which still stands but as a residential building; it was renovated and reopened in April 2006.^[10] The asylum, which was designed by Alexander Jackson Davis, at one point held 1,700 inmates, twice its designed capacity.^[9] In 1852, a workhouse was built on the island to hold petty violators in 220 cells. The Smallpox Hospital, designed by James Renwick, Jr., opened in 1856, and two years later, the Asylum burned down and was rebuilt on the same site; Penitentiary Hospital was destroyed in the same fire.^[9] In 1861, prisoners completed construction of Renwick's City Hospital (renamed Charity Hospital in 1870), which served both prisoners and New York City's poorer population.^[9] In 1877, the hospital opened a School of Nursing, the fourth such training institution in the nation.^[11]

During the impeachment process of New York State Supreme Court Justice George G. Barnard in 1872, the first charge that the New York City Bar Association brought against Barnard was that he discharged at least 39 prisoners from the Blackwell's Island penitentiary before their sentence was expired.^[12]

In 1872, the Blackwell Island Light, a {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} Gothic style lighthouse later added to the National Register of Historic Places, was built by convict labor on the island's northern tip under Renwick's supervision. Seventeen years later, in 1889, the Chapel of the Good Shepherd, designed by Frederick Clarke Withers, opened.^[9] By 1895, inmates from the Asylum were being transferred to Ward's Island, and patients from the hospital there were transferred to Blackwell's Island. The Asylum was renamed Metropolitan Hospital. However, the last convicts were not moved off the island until 1935, when the penitentiary on Rikers Island opened.^[9]

The 20th century was a time of change for the island. The Queensboro Bridge started construction in 1900 and opened in 1909; it passed over the island but did not provide direct vehicular access to it at the time.^[9] In 1921, Blackwell's Island was renamed Welfare Island^[5] after the City Hospital on the island.^[13] In 1930, a vehicular elevator to transport cars and passengers on Queensboro Bridge started to allow vehicular and trolley access to the island.^[24]^[14] In 1939, Goldwater Memorial Hospital, a chronic care facility, opened, with almost a thousand beds in 7 buildings on {{convert|9.9|acre|ha}}. Thirteen years later, Bird S. Coler Hospital, another chronic care facility, opened, and three years after the Coler Hospital's opening, Metropolitan Hospital moved to Manhattan, leaving the Lunatic Asylum buildings abandoned.^[9] The same year, 1955, the Welfare Island Bridge from Queens opened, allowing automobile and truck access to the island and the only non-aquatic means in and out of the island; the vehicular elevator to Queensboro Bridge then closed,^[24] but wasn't demolished until 1970.^[14] As late as August 1973, though, another passenger elevator ran from the Queens end of the bridge to the island.^[15]^[16]

More changes came in the latter half of the century. In 1968, the Delacorte Fountain, opposite the headquarters of the United Nations, opened.^[9] Mayor John V. Lindsay named a committee to make recommendations for the island's development in the same year.^[17] A year later, the New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC) signed a 99-year lease for the island, and architects Philip Johnson and John Burgee created a plan for apartment buildings housing 20,000 residents. In 1973,^[6] Welfare Island was renamed Roosevelt Island in honor of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and two years later, planning for his eponymous park, Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park, started.^[5] Federal funding for redevelopment came from the New Community Act. In 1976, the Roosevelt Island Tramway opened, connecting the island directly with Manhattan,^[18] but it was eight years before the New York State legislature created the Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation (RIOC) to operate the tramway, with a nine-person board of directors appointed by the Governor, two suggested by the Mayor of New York City, and three of whom are residents of the island.^[9] The tramway was meant as a temporary solution to the then-lack of subway service to the island, which began in 1989 with the opening of the Roosevelt Island subway station, on what is now the {{NYCS trains|63rd IND}}.^[19]

During the 21st century, the area became more gentrified. In 1998, the Blackwell Island Light was restored by an anonymous donor.^[9] In 2006, the restored Octagon Tower opened, serving as the central lobby of a two-wing, 500-unit apartment building.^[9] In 2010, the Roosevelt Island Tramway reopened after renovations.^[20] A year later, Southpoint Park opened south of Goldwater Memorial Hospital, near the island's southern end,^[21] Cornell Tech, a joint venture between Technion – Israel Institute of Technology and Cornell University, was announced the same year.^[42]^[43] In 2012, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park was dedicated and opened to the public as a state park.^[22] Construction of the new Cornell Tech campus began in January 2014 with the arrival of equipment on Roosevelt Island for the building of a fence around the construction site and for the demolition of the existing Coler-Goldwater Specialty Hospital's south campus; demolition began in March 2014,^[23] but city officials say they do not have plans to close the north campus of the hospital.^[24] The school began operations on the island in fall 2017.^[25]

In June 2015, Hillary Clinton officially launched her 2016 presidential campaign with a campaign rally and kickoff speech at Four Freedoms Park.^[26]

Architecture

Though small, Roosevelt Island has a distinguished architectural history. It has several architecturally significant buildings, and has been the site of numerous important unbuilt architectural competitions and proposals. The island's master plan, adopted by the New York State Urban Development Corporation in 1969, was developed by the firm of Philip Johnson and John Burgee. The plan divided the island into three residential communities, and it forbade the use of automobiles on the island; the plan intended for residents to park their cars in a large garage and use public transportation to get around. Another innovation was the plan's development of a 'mini-school system,' in which classrooms for the island's public intermediate school were distributed among all the residential buildings in a campus-like fashion (as opposed to being centralized in one large building).

The first phase of Roosevelt Island's development was called "Northtown". It consists of four housing complexes: Westview, Island House, Rivercross, and Eastwood (also known as the WIRE buildings). Rivercross is a Mitchell-Lama co-op, while the rest of the buildings in Northtown are rentals. Eastwood, the largest apartment complex on the island, and Westview were designed by noted architect Josep Lluis Sert, then dean of Harvard Graduate School of Design. Eastwood, along with Peabody Terrace (in Cambridge, Massachusetts), is a prime example of Sert's high-rise multiple-dwelling residential buildings. It achieves efficiency by triple-loading corridors with duplex apartment units, such that elevators and public corridors are only needed every three floors. Island House and Rivercross were designed by Johansen & Bhavnani. The two developments were noteworthy for their use of pre-fabricated cladding systems. Subsequent phases of the island's development have been less innovative, architecturally. Northtown Phase II was developed by the Starrett Corporation and designed by the firm, Gruzen Samton, in a pseudo-historical post-modern style. It was completed in 1989, over a decade after Northtown. Southtown (also referred to as Riverwalk by the developers^[27]) is the third phase of the island's development. This phase, also designed by Gruzen Samton, was not started until 1998, and is still in the process of development. When complete, Southtown will have 2,000 units in nine buildings.^[28]

The Octagon, one of the island's six landmarks, was restored in April 2006, and the national landmark building is now a high-end apartment community. It also houses the largest array of solar panels on any building in New York City. When The Octagon opened its doors, many young, affluent tenants started to occupy the studios and one-, two-, and three-bedroom units; 100 of the units therein are set aside for middle-income residents.

In 2006, ENYA (Emerging New York Architects) made the island's abandoned southern end the subject of one of its annual competitions. In addition to Louis Kahn's {{convert|4|acre|adj=on}} Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park at that tip, whose public dedication on October 17, 2012 was tangled in litigation,^[29]^[30] the island has also been the site of numerous other architectural speculations. Rem Koolhaas and the Office of Metropolitan Architecture proposed two projects for the Island in his book "Delirious New York": the Welfare Island Hotel and the Roosevelt Island Redevelopment Proposal (both in 1975–76). That proposal was Koolhaas's entry into a competition held for the development of Northtown Phase II. Other entrants included Peter Eisenman, Robert A. M. Stern, and Oswald Mathias Ungers.

Transportation

Although Roosevelt Island is located directly under the Queensboro Bridge, it is no longer directly accessible from the bridge itself. A trolley used to connect passengers from Queens and Manhattan to a stop in the middle of the bridge, where passengers took an elevator down to the island. The trolley operated from the bridge's opening in 1909 until April 7, 1957.^[31] Between 1930 and 1955, the only vehicular access to the island was provided by an elevator system in the Elevator Storehouse that transported cars and commuters between the bridge and the island. The elevator was closed to the public after the construction of the Roosevelt Island Bridge between the island and Astoria in Queens in 1955; the elevator was demolished in 1970, but a similar elevator ran from the Queensboro Bridge to the island as late as 1973.

In 1976, the Roosevelt Island Tramway was constructed to provide access to Midtown Manhattan. The tram was closed from March to November 2010, during which time all of the components of the tramway, except for the tower bases, were replaced.^[32]^[33]

New York City Subway access to the rest of Manhattan and to Long Island City in Queens via the IND 63rd Street Line began in 1989, but access to the rest of Queens did not start until 2001.^[34] Located more than {{convert|100|ft|m}} below ground level, the Roosevelt Island station ({{NYCS trains|63rd IND}}) is one of the deepest stations below sea level in the system.

Roosevelt Island's residential community was not designed to support automobile traffic during its planning in the early 1970s. Automobile traffic has become common even though much of the island remains a car-free area. Visitors can access the island by car over the Roosevelt Island Bridge but must park in the Motorgate Garage. MTA Bus's {{NYC bus link|Q102}} route, operating between the island and Queens, obviates the need for automobiles to some extent. However, RIOC operates the Red Bus, a free on-island shuttle bus service, using easily visible bright red buses, that competes directly with the Q102 and connects apartment buildings to the subway and tramway.

Roosevelt Island has been served by NYC Ferry's Astoria route^[35] since August 2017.^[36]^[37] The ferry landing is on the east side of the island near the tramway station.

Demographics

2000 US Census

As of the 2000 US Census, Roosevelt Island had a population of 9,520. Fifty-two percent of the population (4,995) were female, and 4,525, or 48%, were male. The population was spread out with 5% under the age of 5, 20% under the age of 18, 67% between the ages of 18 and 65, and 15% over the age of 65.^[38]

The racial makeup of the island was 45% white (non-Hispanic), 27% black (non-Hispanic), 14% Hispanics or Latinos of any race, 11% Asian or Pacific Islander, and .3% other races.^[38]

The median income was $49,976. 37% had an income under $35,000. 40% had incomes between $35,001 and $99,999, and 23% had an income over $100,000.^[38]

55% of the total households were family households, and 45% were non-family households. 17% of the residents were married couples with children, and 19% were married couples without children. 36% of the households were one-person households, and 9% were two or more non-family households. 3% were male-based households with related and unrelated children, and 16% were female-based households with related and unrelated children.^[38]

2010 US Census

As of the 2010 US Census, Roosevelt Island had a population of 11,661. The racial makeup of the island was 54.4% white, 23.4% black, 14.9% Hispanics or Latinos of any race, 20.0% Asian, 0.6% Native American or Pacific Islander, and 5.4% other races.^[1] 42.7% of the population was born outside the US.^[1]

The median income was $76,250. 69.3% of households earned more than $50,000. 30.5% earned less than $50,000.^[1]

Government and infrastructure

The neighborhood is part of Manhattan Community Board 8. The Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation operates and maintains the island's government and infrastructure. The United States Postal Service operates the Roosevelt Island Station at 694 Main Street.^[39]

Garbage on Roosevelt Island is collected by an automated vacuum collection (AVAC) system using a system of {{convert|22|in|adj=on}} pneumatic tubes that collects {{convert|10|ST}} of trash each day; this is one of the world's largest AVAC systems.^[40]

Education

Roosevelt Island, as with all parts of New York City, is served by the New York City Department of Education. Residents are zoned to P.S./I.S. 217 Roosevelt Island School, which opened in 1992, combining schools at various locations on the island.^[9] Some of the locations that formerly housed the fragments of P.S./I.S. 217 now house The Child School and Legacy High School, which serve K–12 special needs children with learning and emotional disabilities.

On December 19, 2011, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that Cornell Tech, a Cornell University-Technion-Israel Institute of Technology graduate school of applied sciences, would be built on the island. The $2 billion facility will include 2 million square feet of space on an 11 acre city-owned site, which is currently used for a hospital. Classes will begin off-site in September 2012, with the first classes in the new facility scheduled to start in 2018. The campus will take almost 30 years to be fully complete.^[41]^[42]

Library

The New York Public Library operates the Roosevelt Island branch at 524 Main Street. The library began in a community room, then moved to its own building in 1979. In 1998, the library became a branch of the NYPL system.^[43]^[9]

Organizations

The Roosevelt Island Garden Club has existed since 1979. Each gardener is assigned a plot and can choose to grow what they wish. The club is made up mostly of Island Residents that rent plots to grow all kinds of different plants. The membership is $65 a year and the wait list is extremely long. Visitors can view for free on Saturdays and Sundays.^[44]

Media

Notable residents and visitors

Due to its proximity to the United Nations Headquarters, Roosevelt Island has long been a popular neighborhood for diplomats and United Nations staff.^[1]

Prisoners

Visitors who described conditions

Residents

In popular culture

See also

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵Economic, Racial & Religious Diversity on Roosevelt Island
2. ^{{cite web| url= http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-context=dt&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_G001&-tree_id=4001&-transpose=N&-redoLog=true&-all_geo_types=N&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=14000US36061023800&-search_results=15000US360610240009&-format=&-_lang=en&-show_geoid=Y | title= FactFinder| publisher= United States Census Bureau| website= census.gov| date= | access-date= }}
3. ^{{cite news |title=An Island Joins the Mainstream |first=C.J. |last=Hughes |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/02/realestate/02livi.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 2, 2007 |accessdate=May 22, 2010}}
4. ^According to the 2000 US Census, Mill Rock Island (Census Block 9000) is unpopulated.
5. ^¹²{{cite news|last=Pollak|first=Michael|title=Name that Island| newspaper= The New York Times|date=December 14, 2012| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/16/nyregion/before-it-was-called-roosevelt-island.html|accessdate=December 16, 2012}}
6. ^¹"Memorial Park Honoring Franklin D. Roosevelt," William J. vanden Heuvel, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute.
7. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.nyc24.org/2003/islands/zone4/roosevelthistory.html |title= The Rise of a Healthy Community |first= Gabriel |last= Rodriguez-Nava |year= 2003 |publisher= Columbia University School of Journalism |journal= NYC24 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090801130014/http://www.nyc24.org/2003/islands/zone4/roosevelthistory.html |archivedate= August 1, 2009 |df= mdy-all }}
8. ^{{cite gotham}}, p. 29
9. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴{{cite web| url= http://nyc10044.com/timeln/timeline.html|title=Timeline of Island History|work=The Main Street Wire| deadurl= yes| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184604/http://nyc10044.com/timeln/timeline.html|archivedate=September 1, 2010|df=mdy-all}}
10. ^{{cite book| last1= Brockmann| first1= Jorg| last2=Harris| first2= Bill| title=One Thousand New York Buildings| year= 2002| publisher= Black Dog & Leventhal|location= New York| isbn= 978-1-57912-237-9|page=268}}
11. ^{{Cite news|url=http://womenatthecenter.nyhistory.org/new-york-city-nurses/|title=Finding Women in the Archives: Student Nurses - Women at the Center|date=2018-01-09|work=Women at the Center|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en-US}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4g7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq=state+judge+from+poughkeepsie,+jay+gould&source=bl&ots=91vpFrCQhf&sig=1WFYw6kStGrP_2PC3PkHH8ruim0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi6yJTxmN7eAhVnxYMKHZ3DDAkQ6AEwBXoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=state%20judge%20from%20poughkeepsie%2C%20jay%20gould&f=false|title=Documents of the State of New York Volume 6 - Charges Against Justice George G. Barnard, and Testimony Thereunder, Before the Judiciary Committee of the Assembly|date= 1872|publisher=Weed, Parsons and Company, Printers|pp=1-2|accessdate=November 18, 2018}}
13. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.rihs.us/landmarks/renwick.html |title=Smallpox Hospital (Renwick Ruin) |author= |date= |work=rihs.us |publisher=Roosevelt Island Historical Society |accessdate=November 16, 2014}}
14. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.rioc.com/transportation.htm |title= Transportation |work=Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation |accessdate=July 10, 2010}}
15. ^{{cite news| last1=Welch | first1= Mary Scott | date=July 2, 1973 | title=Walking the City's Bridges | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx3Di4E5tj8C&pg=PA31 | magazine=New York | page=31 | access-date=March 7, 2015}}
16. ^{{cite news| last1=Petroff | first1=John | date=August 27, 1973 | title=Bridge Bits" (letter to the editor) | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOYCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5 | magazine=New York | page=5 | access-date=March 7, 2015}}
17. ^{{cite news| title= Welfare Island to be Restudied |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/02/11/91220608.pdf |accessdate=November 24, 2012| work= The New York Times|date=February 11, 1968}}
18. ^{{cite news |title=Aerial Tram Ride to Roosevelt Island Is Opened With a Splash on O'Dwyer |first=Fred |last=Ferretti |url= https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40D17F73458167493CAA8178ED85F428785F9 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 18, 1976 |page=69 |accessdate=February 20, 2010}}
19. ^{{cite news| last= Lorch| first= Donatella| title= The 'Subway to Nowhere' Now Goes Somewhere| url= https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/29/nyregion/the-subway-to-nowhere-now-goes-somewhere.html| accessdate= November 28, 2012| newspaper= The New York Times| date= October 29, 1989}}
20. ^{{cite news|last=Grynbaum|first=Michael M.|title=Quirky Tram Runs Again, Delighting Its Riders|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/01/nyregion/01tram.html|accessdate=November 28, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 30, 2010}}
21. ^{{cite news|last=Babin|first=Janet|title=Park Reopens on Roosevelt Island| url= http://www.wnyc.org/blogs/wnyc-news-blog/2011/aug/02/park-reopens-roosevelt-island/|accessdate=November 23, 2012|newspaper=WNYC|date=August 2, 2011| deadurl= yes| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110808121332/http://www.wnyc.org/blogs/wnyc-news-blog/2011/aug/02/park-reopens-roosevelt-island/|archivedate=August 8, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
22. ^{{cite news|last=Foderaro|first=Lisa W|title=Dedicating Park to Roosevelt and His View of Freedom| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/18/nyregion/roosevelt-four-freedoms-park-is-dedicated.html|accessdate=November 24, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times| date= October 17, 2012}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://construction.tech.cornell.edu/blog/march-14-march-28-look-ahead/|title=Roosevelt Island Campus Project|publisher=|accessdate=September 23, 2014}}
24. ^{{cite news| url= http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20120503/roosevelt-island/tech-campus-leaves-hospital-patients-worried-about-future | title= Hospital patients forced out as Roosevelt Island tech campus moves in| website= dnainfo.com| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150704024141/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20120503/roosevelt-island/tech-campus-leaves-hospital-patients-worried-about-future |archivedate= July 4, 2015 |first= Amy |last= Zimmer |date= May 3, 2012| access-date= May 24, 2018}}
25. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/13/nyregion/cornell-high-tech-opens-roosevelt-island.html|title=High Tech and High Design, Cornell's Roosevelt Island Campus Opens|last=Harris|first=Elizabeth A.|date=September 13, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date= September 13, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
26. ^Jamerson, Joshua. [https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/06/13/roosevelt-island-awakens-to-a-clinton-crowd/ "Roosevelt Island Awakens to a Clinton Crowd"], The New York Times, June 13, 2015. Accessed October 22, 2018. "Though the usual early-morning risers were already walking their dogs and stretching their legs as they strolled along the East River, this was not a typical Saturday on Roosevelt Island. At the southern end of the island, the residents found themselves bumping into hundreds of supporters of Hillary Rodham Clinton waiting in line hours before she was expected to give the kickoff speech of her 2016 campaign for president here.... The campaign was handing out tickets to the event to people standing in a line near Four Freedoms Park, which celebrates the famous speech by Franklin D. Roosevelt."
27. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.riverwalknyc.com|title= Riverwalk Crossing Luxury Apartments on NYC's Roosevelt Island| work= riverwalknyc.com|accessdate=May 28, 2015}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hudsoninc.com/riverwalk-roosevelt-island/|title=Riverwalk on Roosevelt Island |publisher= Hudson, Inc.|work=hudsoninc.com|accessdate=May 28, 2015}}
29. ^{{cite news| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/16/nyregion/fdr-monument-mired-in-a-legal-dispute-over-placement-of-donors-names.html| first= Lisa W. | last= Foderaro| title= A Monument to Roosevelt, on the Eve of Dedication, Is Mired in a Dispute With Donors| work= The New York Times| date= October 16, 2012| access-date= May 24, 2018}}
30. ^{{cite news| url= https://news.yahoo.com/decades-fdr-memorial-park-dedicated-nyc-150400725.html | title= Decades late, FDR memorial park dedicated in NYC| work= Yahoo! News | date= October 17, 2012| first= Ula| last= Ilnytzy | agency= Associated Press| access-date= May 24, 2018}}
31. ^¹²{{cite news |title=City's Last Trolley at End of Line; Buses Will Replace 49-Year Route on Queensboro Span |first=Phillips |last=McCandlish |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/04/07/archives/citys-last-trolley-at-end-of-line-buses-will-replace-49year-route.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 7, 1957 |page=1 |accessdate=August 17, 2008}}
32. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/129776/roosevelt-island-tram-opens-after-lengthy-renovations|title=Roosevelt Island Tram Once Again Running Over The East River|work=NY1|first=Roger|last=Clark|date=November 30, 2010|accessdate=November 30, 2010 |deadurl= yes| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101203022809/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/129776/roosevelt-island-tram-opens-after-lengthy-renovations| archivedate= December 3, 2010|df=mdy-all}}
33. ^{{cite web| website= rioc.com| url= http://www.rioc.com/pdf/TramOpeningPoster.pdf|accessdate=November 27, 2010|date=November 24, 2010|publisher= Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation| title=You are cordially Invited to the Grand Reopening of the Roosevelt Island Aerial Tramway}}
34. ^See History of the 63rd Street Line and the articles for the 63rd Street Shuttle, B, F, and Q trains, for more information.
35. ^{{Cite web| url= https://www.ferry.nyc/routes-and-schedules/route/astoria/ |title= Routes and Schedules: Astoria| website= ferry.nyc| publisher= NYC Ferry by Hornblower}}
36. ^{{Cite news |url= http://www.amny.com/transit/nyc-ferry-s-astoria-launch-expected-to-dramatically-reduce-some-commutes-1.14095778|title=Astoria's NYC Ferry route launches Tuesday|last=Barone|first=Vin|date=August 28, 2017|work=am New York|access-date=August 28, 2017|language=en}}
37. ^{{Cite web |url= https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20170829/astoria/nyc-ferry-astoria-route-launch-aug-29|title=SEE IT: NYC Ferry Service Launches New Astoria Route| last= Evelly|first=Jeanmarie|date=August 29, 2017|website=DNAinfo New York|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170830005457/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20170829/astoria/nyc-ferry-astoria-route-launch-aug-29|archive-date=August 30, 2017|dead-url=yes|access-date=August 29, 2017|df=mdy-all}}
38. ^¹²³⁴"Community" on the Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation website
39. ^{{cite web| url= https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input?longitude=-73.946472&tollFree=800-ASK-USPS%26reg%3B%26nbsp%3B(800-275-8777)&locationName=ROOSEVELT+ISLAND&locationTypeQ=all&locationID=1379826&radius=20&zip5=10044&latitude=40.7654136&locationType=po&zip4=9998&address=11416 |title= Find Locations: Roosevelt Island| website= usps.com| publisher= United States Postal Service| date= | access-date= May 24, 2018}}
40. ^Chaban, Matt A.V. [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/nyregion/garbage-collection-without-the-noise-or-the-smell.html?_r=0 "Garbage Collection, Without the Noise or the Smell"], The New York Times, August 3, 2015. Accessed July 28, 2017. "While vehicles still found their way onto the island, garbage trucks were largely banished, thanks to the pneumatic tube system, one of the largest in the world. It sucks up roughly 10 tons of trash from the island's 12,000 residents each day.... After they drop garbage down chutes in their buildings, it collects at the bottom until a trapdoor is activated, releasing the waste into 22-inch-wide red steel tubes that run underground."
41. ^¹Pérez-Peña, Richard [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/nyregion/cornell-and-technion-israel-chosen-to-build-science-school-in-new-york-city.html "Cornell Bid Formally Chosen for Science School in City"] The New York Times (December 19, 2011)
42. ^¹Brooks, Stan "Mayor Bloomberg: New York City Ready To Declare War On Silicon Valley" "CBS New York" (December 19, 2011)
43. ^{{cite web | title=About the Roosevelt Island Library | website=The New York Public Library | url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/roosevelt-island | access-date=March 25, 2019}}
44. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rigarden.org/|title=Roosevelt Island Garden Club|website=Roosevelt Island Garden Club|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}
45. ^{{cite web| url= http://rooseveltislanddaily.prosepoint.net/ |title= The Roosevelt Island Daily| website= rooseveltislanddaily.prosepoint.net| publisher= David Stone| date= | access-date= Jan 11, 2019}}
46. ^{{citebook|author= Timothy J. Gilfoyle|title=A Pickpocket's Tale: The Underworld of Nineteenth-Century New York|publisher=W. W. Norton Company|date=2006|isbn=978-0393329896}}
47. ^{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 21, 1914|title=Free Becky Edelson; Funeral Plans Off|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E16F63A5B13738DDDA80A94D0405B848DF1D3}}
48. ^{{cite news |title=Roosevelt Island Pitch: Better than the 'Burbs |first=Craig |last=Karmin |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703467304575383182822078818 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=July 23, 2010 |accessdate=January 23, 2011}}
49. ^{{cite news|last1=Insunza|first1=Andrea|url=http://www.quepasa.cl/articulo/politica/2013/10/19-13029-9-cuanto-ha-cambiado-bachelet.shtml|date=October 24, 2013|accessdate=October 25, 2013|newspaper=Qué Pasa|title=Cuánto ha cambiado Bachelet|last2= Ortega| first2= Javier| language= Spanish}}
50. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.manhattanstyle.com/manhattan-ny/roosevelt-island/ |title= Roosevelt Island |first= Alexander |last= Homme |date= October 30, 2009 |quote= Al Lewis was also known as the unofficial mayor of Roosevelt Island}}
51. ^{{cite news|url=http://old.nyc10044.com/wire/2702/AlLewisMemorial.html|work=The Main Street Wire|date=September 23, 2006|title=With Style, a Goodbye to Grampa Al|first=Bret|last=Senft|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075944/http://old.nyc10044.com/wire/2702/AlLewisMemorial.html|archivedate=April 7, 2014|df=mdy-all}}
52. ^{{cite web| publisher=The Apiary| url=http://www.theapiary.org/archives/2007/10/inside_with_and_1.html| title=Inside With: Andrea Rosen| first= Eliot |last= Glazer| date=October 11, 2007}}
53. ^{{IMDb title|0031103|Blackwell's Island}}
54. ^Comics:Amazing Spider-Man Vol 1 162, Marvel Database Project.
55. ^{{cite book|last1=Courrier|first1=Kevin|last2=Green|first2=Susan|title=Law & Order: The Unofficial Companion -- Updated and Expanded|date=1999|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9781580631082|page=213|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58awEAIjnBQC&pg=PA186&lpg=PA213|accessdate=August 6, 2017|language=en}}
56. ^ TV Fanatic: 'Younger Season 3 Episode 5 Review: P Is For Pancake'
57. ^Cousido, P., Nueva York Impactante (Buenos Aires: Recorriendo Destinos, 2013), [https://books.google.com/books?id=GcEMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 155].
58. ^"King Kong: The Monster Who Created Universal Studios Florida" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010045911/http://www.totallyfuncompany.com/kongmedia/articles/kingkongarticle.htm |date=October 10, 2013 }}, Peter Alexander, Totally Fun Company.