“Igor Galynker”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Igor Galynker is a Russian-born American psychiatrist, clinician and researcher. His diverse interests include behavioral addictions, bipolar disorder, suicide prevention, and the role of family in psychiatric illness.^[1] He has published on these topics both in professional journals^[2] and in the lay press,.^[3] Most recently his research has been devoted to describing a suicide-specific clinical state, a phenotype of the Suicide Crisis Syndrome (SCS).

Galynker is the Associate Chairman for Research in the Department of Psychiatry at Mount Sinai Beth Israel, and is the Founder and Director of the Family Center for Bipolar and of the Mount Sinai Suicide Research Laboratory based at Mount Sinai Beth Israel. As of 2014 he is a Professor of Psychiatry at the Icahn School of Medicine in New York City.

Education and work in chemistry

Galynker was born in Moscow, USSR. His mother, Raya, was an internist and his father, Ilya, was a professor of textile engineering. They met and married in Voronezh before World War II and moved to Moscow after the war ended. In 1971 Galynker graduated from Moscow's Public School #109 as valedictorian, and in 1976 he graduated Magna Cum Laude from the Department of Chemistry at Moscow State University.

He immigrated to the United States in 1978, and after working for one year as a chemist researcher at the CIBA-Geigy corporation, he began his graduate studies (1978-1981) in organic synthesis under professor W. Clark Still at Columbia University. His PhD thesis, which earned the Hammet Award for outstanding research, described the first use of computer modeling in organic synthesis and has subsequently been widely cited.^[4] After completing a fellowship in human genetics at the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, Galynker taught chemistry at Purdue University and at Columbia University.

Work in psychiatry and Mount Sinai Beth Israel

Galynker received his medical degree in 1988 from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, where he was elected into the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society, and completed his psychiatry residency at Mount Sinai Medical Center. He has since worked at Beth Israel Medical Center in Manhattan (currently Mount Sinai Beth Israel), where he is the Associate Chairman for Research in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.

In the Department, Galynker created a residency research program, which requires all psychiatry residents to learn the research process and complete a research project.^[5] He also founded and ran the Russian Health Service and is a Patient Experience Physician Advocate at Beth Israel. He was awarded the Patient Experience Excellence Award and has been listed in the America's Top Psychiatrists list as well as in the Top New York Physicians "Superdoctors" list.

Richard and Cynthia Zirinsky Center for Bipolar

In 2006, Galynker founded the Family Center for Bipolar (FCB), which was part of the Zirinsky Mood Disorders Center and is a clinical and research center treating children, adolescents, and adults. The Center has become a Center of Excellence in the Mount Sinai Health System and has been profiled in the New York Times^[6] and the Wall Street Journal.^[7] In 2015, the Family Center for Bipolar was officially renamed the Richard and Cynthia Zirinsky Center for Bipolar, in honor of a gift from the Zirinsky Family.

Other research

Cognition

While working as a resident psychiatrist, Galynker was the first to report that both hospital admissions from the ER^[8] and the duration of hospital stay in the acute psychiatric unit^[9] was influenced by cognition, suggesting that in addition to psychiatric symptoms, cognitive dysfunction should be a target of pharmacological intervention. This work anticipated later focus on treatment of cognitive dysfunction and cognitive training in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder^[10]^[11] Galynker later reported on persistent cognitive deficits in opiate addicts in methadone maintenance treatment^[12]

Addictions

While in residency working at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Galynker synthesized [11-C]-buprenorphine for use in PET studies of opiate addiction.^[13] He later published PET studies of remitted opiate addicts which showed that cognitive deficits, negative affect, and abnormal glucose metabolism present during active drug use persisted for months and years after detoxification from methadone.^[14]^[15]^[16] With Dr. Lisa Cohen, Galynker later showed that behavioral sex addicts, such as male pedophiles, had deficits in glucose metabolism in the temporal cortex and severe character pathology that was similar but broader and more pronounced than that of the opiate-dependent subjects. In a subsequent series of reports, Cohen and Galynker described character pathology of pedophiles and other sex offenders^[17] and proposed a model for the etiology of pedophilic behavior.^[18]

Mood disorders

In 1998 Galynker published a widely cited SPECT study of cerebral perfusion in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), which showed that in MDD, reduced cerebral blood flow was associated with negative symptoms rather than mood.^[19] This was one of the first imaging studies to demonstrate that cerebral function was not related to a specific diagnosis but to symptoms, a finding which echoed Galynker's early findings on cognitive deficits and patient function, and anticipated the current NIMH Research Domain Criteria Project. Galynker was also the first to report (in a case series) that low dose quetiapine and risperidone were effective for treatment of depression and anxiety^[20] a finding later supported by randomized clinical trials, leading to quetiapine approval for these indications.^[21]

Suicide

Galynker's present research focuses on suicide prevention. In 2010, with Dr. Zimri Yaseen he described a suicide-specific clinical syndrome, the Suicide Crisis Syndrome (SCS), initially known as Suicide Trigger State. This finding was later replicated in three other studies.^[22]^[23]^[24] In high-risk suicidal inpatients, high scores in the Suicide Crisis Inventory (SCI) were strongly predictive of suicidal behavior within one-two months after discharge.^[25] The core feature of SCS is the persistent and desperate feeling of entrapment, which is urgency to escape or avoid an unbearable life situation when escape is perceived as impossible (Typical situations would include terminal illness, humiliating failure at work, or rejection by a romantic partner). In addition, the SCS involves affective disturbance, loss of cognitive control, hyperarousal and social withdrawal. Importantly , the staple of current suicide risk assessment, suicidal ideation and intent may or may not be present.

In addition to the SCI, Galynker and colleagues have recently developed a multi-informant Modular Assessment of Risk for Imminent Suicide (MARIS).^[26] MARIS has four independent assessment modules and is unique in that both patients and clinicians provide information. Clinicians' modules include their emotional responses to the SCS, which significantly improve predictive scale.^[27]^[28] Both the SCS and the MARIS projects were funded by the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention American Foundation for Suicide Prevention.^[29] Galynker recently proposed a Narrative-Crisis Model of Suicide, which so far has been supported by the experimental evidence.^[30]^[31]^[32] The SCS, the MARIS, and their clinical use are described in Galynker's recent textbook, "The Suicidal Crisis. Clinical Guide to the Assessment of Imminent Suicide Risk."^[33]

Media and public awareness

Galynker has been outspoken in his concerns about possible conflicts of interest between psychiatrists and the pharmaceutical industry. In 2005, he showed that the results of pharmaceutical trials published in even the most reputable scientific journals, JAMA Psychiatry and the American Journal of Psychiatry, systematically favored the drug produced by the manufacturer that paid for the study and disfavored the competitor.^[34] This study was profiled on the front page of USA Today.^[35]

Galynker has also been concerned with the harmful consequences of family exclusion from psychiatric treatment, which he associated with an increased risk of violence and suicide as well as poor outcomes^[36]^[37] His opinions on the role of family (and staff) in preventing campus violence and reducing student suicide risks have been published by ABC News,^[38] the New York Times,^[39] and The Wall Street Journal.^[40] Galynker has written an acclaimed book, [https://www.amazon.com/Talking-Families-about-Mental-Illness/dp/0393706001/ref=la_B004169GZO_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1395222382&sr=1-1 Talking to Families About Mental Illness], on how to involve family in psychiatric treatment, as well as an advice book on how to recognize the right romantic partner, "Choosing Right: A Psychiatrist's Guide to Starting a New Relationship."^[41]

Galynker uses media appearances to educate the public about mental illness and mental health, aiming to reduce and ultimately eliminate the stigma of mental illness. His opinions on many topics related to mental illness and mental health have been cited by abcnews.com,^[42] aolhealth.com,^[43] The Associated Press,^[44] cnn.com,^[45] The Daily News,^[46] gawker.com,^[47] Le Generaliste,^[48] health.com,^[49] JAMA,^[50] lifescript.com,^[51] The New York Times,^[52] Newsday,^[53] PrimaryCareClinician.com,^[54] Psychiatric Times,^[55] Psychopharmacology Update,^[56] wired.com,^[57] and The Wall Street Journal.^[58]

References

1. ^Galynker, Igor, "Talking to Families About Mental Illness: What Clinicians Need to Know", November 2010, W. W. Norton and Company, Inc.
2. ^http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Abstract/2008/11000/Comparison_of_Personality_Traits_in_Pedophiles,.6.aspx Article in the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
3. ^http://www.elementsbehavioralhealth.com/mental-health/predict-future-suicide-attempt/ Article on the Elements Behavioral Health website
4. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Still | first1 = W C | last2 = Galynker | first2 = I | year = 1981 | title = Chemical Consequences of Conformation in Macrocyclic Compounds | url = http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic93502.files/Lectures_and_Handouts/07-Handouts/MacrocyclicStereocontrol_Tet81.pdf | journal = Tetrahedron | volume = 37 | issue = 23| pages = 3981–3996 | doi=10.1016/s0040-4020(01)93273-9}}
5. ^Igor Galynker MD PhD discusses the residency research program at Mount Sinai Beth Israel.
6. ^Hartocollis, A (June 4, 2008). [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/04/nyregion/04clinic.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 "Clinic Treats Mental Illness by Enlisting the Family."] The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
7. ^Wall Street Journal report on Bipolar Disorder consults Igor Galynker.
8. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Galynker | first1 = I | last2 = Harvey | first2 = P | year = 1992 | title = Neuropsychological screening in the psychiatric emergency room | url = https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=qmbqCNYAAAAJ&cstart=20&citation_for_view=qmbqCNYAAAAJ:hqOjcs7Dif8C | journal = Comprehensive Psychiatry | volume = 33 | issue = 5| pages = 291–295 | doi=10.1016/0010-440x(92)90035-o}}
9. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Kato | first1 = K | last2 = Galynker | first2 = I | display-authors = etal | year = 1995 | title = Cognitive impairment in psychiatric patients and length of hospital stay | url = https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=qmbqCNYAAAAJ&cstart=20&citation_for_view=qmbqCNYAAAAJ:5nxA0vEk-isC | journal = Comprehensive Psychiatry | volume = 36 | issue = 3| pages = 213–217 | doi=10.1016/0010-440x(95)90084-9}}
10. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Kroken | first1 = RA | last2 = Loberg | first2 = EM | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = A critical review of pro-cognitive drug treatments in psychosis: convergence on myelination and inflammation | url = | journal = Front Psychiatry | volume = 5| page = 11 | pmid = 24550848 | doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00011 | pmc=3912739}}
11. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = CT | last2 = Frangou | first2 = S | year = 2010 | title = Clinical implications of cognitive function in bipolar disorder | url = | journal = There Adv Chronic Dis. | volume = 1 | issue = 3| pages = 85–93 | pmid = 23251731 | doi=10.1177/2040622310374678 | pmc=3513860}}
12. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Prosser | first1 = J | last2 = London | first2 = E | last3 = Galynker | first3 = I | year = 2009 | title = Sustained attention in patients receiving and abstinent following methadone maintenance treatment for opiate dependence: performance and neuroimaging results | url = https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=qmbqCNYAAAAJ&cstart=20&citation_for_view=qmbqCNYAAAAJ:dhFuZR0502QC | journal = Drug and Alcohol Dependence | volume = 104 | issue = 3| pages = 228–240 | doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.04.022 | pmid=19608356}}
13. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Galynker | first1 = I | last2 = Schlyer | first2 = D | display-authors = etal | year = 1996 | title = In vivo studies of 11-C-buprenorphine in mice and baboons | url = http://www.nucmedbio.com/article/0969-8051(95)02087-X/abstract | journal = J Nucl Med Biol | volume = 23 | issue = 3| pages = 325–331 | doi = 10.1016/0969-8051(95)02087-X }}
14. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Prosser | first1 = J | last2 = London | first2 = ED | last3 = Galynker | first3 = II | year = 2009 | title = Sustained Attention in Patients Receiving and Abstinent Following Methadone Maintenance Treatment for Opiate Dependence: Performance and Neuroimaging Results | journal = Drug Alcohol Depend | volume = 104 | issue = 3| pages = 228–40 | doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.04.022 | pmid=19608356}}
15. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Galynker | first1 = I | last2 = Eisenberg | first2 = D | display-authors = etal | year = 2007 | title = Cerebral Metabolism and Mood in Remitted Opiate Dependence | journal = Drug Alcohol Depend | volume = 90 | issue = 2–3| pages = 166–174 | pmc=2063442 | pmid=17521829 | doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.03.015}}
16. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Prosser | first1 = J | last2 = Cohen | first2 = LJ | display-authors = etal | year = 2006| title = Neuropsychological functioning in opiate-dependent subjects receiving and following methadone-maintenance treatment | journal = Drug Alcohol Depend | volume = 84| issue = 3| pages = 240–7 | pmc=2067988 | pmid=16545923 | doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.02.006}}
17. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Cohen | first1 = L | last2 = Galynker | first2 = I | year = 2002 | title = Clinical features of pedophilia and implications for treatment | url = https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=qmbqCNYAAAAJ&citation_for_view=qmbqCNYAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC | journal = Journal of Psychiatric Practice | volume = 8 | issue = 5| pages = 276–289 | doi=10.1097/00131746-200209000-00004 | pmid=15985890}}
18. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Cohen | first1 = L | last2 = Nikiforov | first2 = K | display-authors = etal | year = 2002 | title = Heterosexual male perpetrators of childhood sexual abuse: a preliminary neuropsychiatric model | url = https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=qmbqCNYAAAAJ&citation_for_view=qmbqCNYAAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C | journal = Psychiatric Quarterly | volume = 73 | issue = 4| pages = 313–336 | doi = 10.1023/A:1020416101092 }}
19. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Galynker | first1 = I | last2 = Cai | first2 = J | display-authors = etal | year = 1998 | title = Hypofrontality and negative symptoms in major depressive disorder | url = https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=qmbqCNYAAAAJ&citation_for_view=qmbqCNYAAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C | journal = Journal of Nuclear Medicine | volume = 39 | issue = | pages = 608–612 }}
20. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Galynker | first1 = I | last2 = Khan | first2 = A | display-authors = etal | year = 2005| title = Low-dose risperidone and quetiapine as monotherapy for comorbid anxiety and depression | url = https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=qmbqCNYAAAAJ&cstart=20&citation_for_view=qmbqCNYAAAAJ:WF5omc3nYNoC | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 66 | issue = 544| page = 2005 | doi=10.4088/jcp.v66n0420f}}
21. ^[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a698019.html What quetiapine is prescribed for by the National Library of Medicine.]
22. ^Yaseen Z, Gilmer E et. al. "Emergency room validation of the revised suicide trigger scale (STS-3): a measure of a hypothesized trigger state." PLoS ONE, 7:e45157, 2012.
23. ^Yaseen Z, Kopeykina I et. al. "Predictive Validity of the Suicide Trigger Scale (STS-3) for Post-Discharge Suicide Attempt in High-Risk Psychiatric Inpatients". PLoS ONE, 8: e86768, 2014.
24. ^Galynker I, et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27712028"Prediction of suicidal behavior in high risk psychiatric patients using an assessment of acute suicidal state: The suicide crisis inventory".]
25. ^Galynker I, et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27712028"Prediction of suicidal behavior in high risk psychiatric patients using an assessment of acute suicidal state: The suicide crisis inventory".]
26. ^Hawes M, et.al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/27771563/ "The Modular Assessment of Risk for Imminent Suicide (MARIS): A proof of concept for a multi-informant tool for evaluation of short-term suicide risk".]
27. ^Yaseen Z et. al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28431270 "Clinicians' conflicting emotional responses to high suicide-risk patients-Association with short-term suicide behaviors: A prospective pilot study."]
28. ^Hawes M, et.al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/27771563/ "The Modular Assessment of Risk for Imminent Suicide (MARIS): A proof of concept for a multi-informant tool for evaluation of short-term suicide risk".]
29. ^http://afsp.org/our-work/research/research-grants/modular-assessment-risk-imminent-suicide-novel-tool-suicide-prediction/
30. ^Li S et. al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29310622 "Entrapment as a mediator of suicide crises".]
31. ^Cohen LJ et. al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28833408 "Suicide Crisis Syndrome Mediates the Relationship Between Long-term Risk Factors and Lifetime Suicidal Phenomena."]
32. ^Cohen LJ et. al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29397571" The Suicidal Narrative and Its Relationship to the Suicide Crisis Syndrome and Recent Suicidal Behavior."]
33. ^Galynker, 2017 [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-suicidal-crisis-9780190260859?cc=us&lang=en& "The Suicidal Crisis. Clinical Guide to the Assessment of Imminent Suicide Risk."]
34. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Kelly | first1 = R | last2 = Cohen | first2 = L | display-authors = etal | year = 2006| title = Relationship between drug company funding and outcomes of clinical psychiatric research | url = https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=qmbqCNYAAAAJ&cstart=40&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=qmbqCNYAAAAJ:zYLM7Y9cAGgC | journal = Psychological Medicine | volume = 36 | issue = 1647| page = 2006 | doi=10.1017/s0033291706008567| pmid = 16893480 }}
35. ^"Psychiatric drugs fare favorably when companies pay for studies."
36. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Miklowitz | first1 = DJ | last2 = Scott | first2 = J | year = 2009 | title = Psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorder: cost-effectiveness, mediating mechanisms, and future directions | url = | journal = Bipolar Disorders | volume = 2 | issue = | pages = 110–122 | pmid = 19538690 | doi=10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00715.x}}
37. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Moreno | first1 = DH | last2 = Bio | first2 = DS | display-authors = etal | year = 2012 | title = Burden of maternal bipolar disorder on at-risk offspring: a controlled study on family planning and maternal care | url = | journal = Journal of Affective Disorders | volume = 143 | issue = 1–3| pages = 172–8 | pmid = 22877968 | doi=10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.050}}
38. ^Opinion by Galynker, I (Aug 30 2007). "Four months after the massacre, lessons to be learned." ABC News. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
39. ^Galynker, I. (May 3, 2013)[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/07/opinion/a-rise-in-suicide-among-baby-boomers.html?_r=0 To the Editor Re: "A Rise in Suicide Among Baby Boomers."]. The New York Times, 2013-05-06. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
40. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 22877968 | doi=10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.050 | volume=143 | issue=1–3 | title=Burden of maternal bipolar disorder on at-risk offspring: a controlled study on family planning and maternal care | year=2012 | journal=J Affect Disord | pages=172–8 | last1 = Moreno | first1 = DH | last2 = Bio | first2 = DS | last3 = Petresco | first3 = S | last4 = Petresco | first4 = D | last5 = Gutt | first5 = EK | last6 = Soeiro-de-Souza | first6 = MG | last7 = Moreno | first7 = RA}}.
41. ^[https://www.amazon.com/Choosing-Right-Psychiatrists-Starting-Relationship-ebook/dp/B00C6D7BRE]
42. ^Salahi L (April 14, 2011). "Catherine Zeta-Jones sheds Light on Bipolar II Disorder: Zeta-Jones is 1 Among 6 Million who Suffer from Bipolar Disorder." ABCNews.com. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
43. ^Donaldson Evans, C. "Women's tears lower men's testosterone drive." AOLhealth.com, 2011-01-07. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
44. ^Crenson M. "The Makings of a Sexual Predator." Associated Press 2005-09-12. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
45. ^Sanders S, Castagnoli F (Jul 24 2014). "I lost my Husband to Bipolar Disorder." CNN. Real Simple. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
46. ^Kessner J (Apr 17 2007). "Eerily calculated, experts suspect." New York Daily News. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
47. ^Beckmann, L. "What Ya Mamma Gave Ya is Actually Depression."{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Gawker.com, 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
48. ^Mascret D (Jun 7 2007). "Soins obligatoires pour violeurs et pedophiles." Le Generaliste (France). Retrieved 2014-04-01.
49. ^Koch K (Sept 21 2010). "How to Stay Up when Someone You Love is Down." Health.com. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
50. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Lamberg | first1 = L | year = 2005 | title = Researchers seek roots of pedophilia | url = | journal = JAMA | volume = 294 | issue = 5| pages = 546–7 | doi=10.1001/jama.294.5.546 | pmid=16077039}}
51. ^Wasmer Andrews L (Mar 23 2011). "10 Warning Signs of Bipolar Disorder: How to Help Someone You Love with Bipolar." Special to Lifescript. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
52. ^Hartocollis A (June 4, 2008). "Clinic Treats Mental Illness by Enlisting the Family." The New York Times.
53. ^Burson P (Aug 6 2007). "Must you Always Have a Sense of Urgency?" Newsday.
54. ^Video: "Working with Families of Mentally Ill Patients." PrimaryCareClinician.com, March 19, 2013. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
55. ^Kaplan, A (Feb 12 2013). "Panic Attacks and Suicide." Psychiatric Times. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
56. ^"SSRI Discontinuation Proposed as a Treatment for Depression." Psychopharmacology Update 10(10): 1-7 (1999).
57. ^Lehrer, J. [https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/12/can-depression-be-diagnosed-with-a-picture-of-mother. "Can a Picture of your Mother Diagnose Depression?"] Wired.com, 2011-12-20. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
58. ^Bernstein E (July 17, 2007). "Letting Your Family in on Your Therapy: Approach Enlists Loved Ones to Participate in Treatments." The Wall Street Journal.