“Ihtisab”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The ihtisab was seen as a source of substantial income; people would "buy" the position of ihtisap ağasi from the bey, in order to collect the market tax. This was a form of tax farming, parallel to iltizam and the earlier establishment of feudal monopolies to collect revenue from other economic activity, such as salt production. Hence the only people who became muhtasibs were those who could afford to buy their way into the sinecure.^[3] Ihtisab also involved some price controls and other market regulation; traders may have had to bribe the muhtasib in order to be permitted to continue using commercially viable prices, but the exact nature of regulation is unclear. Traders would also have had to pay a Bac-i pazar fee, although the relative prices varied.^[4]

In the later empire, damga resmi (a charge on hallmarks, and stamp duty) was considered to be part of ihtisab. In the early 19th century, before the tanzimat reforms, the difficulty of enforcing ihtisab led the Ottoman government to establish a series of monopolies, called ved-i vahit, to ease collection^[5]

Ihtisab was eventually replaced by temettu vergisi, a tax on merchants' profits, which was introduced as part of the tanzimat-era tax reforms in 1839. Mahmut II aimed to create a fairer system of taxes based on ability to pay, and which was based on an extensive census across the empire in the 1830s. The new taxes were first introduced in Bursa and Gallipoli before rollout across the rest of the empire; temettu vergisi was enforced by muhassils,^[6] who were salaried government officers rather than feudal lords, although the title ihtisap ağasi was retained; their role in the regulation of commerce evolved into that of a municipal official.

References

1. ^{{cite book|title=ACCOUNTING METHOD USED BY OTTOMANS FOR 500 YEARS: STAIRS (MERDIBAN) METHOD|pages=302|url=http://www.sgb.gov.tr/Publications/Accounting%20Method%20Used%20By%20Ottomans%20For%20500%20Years%20-%20Stairs%20(Merdiban)%20Method.pdf}}
2. ^{{cite book|title=Great Ottoman Turkish civilization|year=2000|publisher=Yeni Türkiye|isbn=978-975-6782-17-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5ZpAAAAMAAJ&q=ihtisap&dq=ihtisap&hl=en&ei=7ZWuTcqzHsvEsgav_5nXDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA}}
3. ^{{cite book|title=Formation of the modern state: the Ottoman Empire, sixteenth to eighteenth centuries|year=2005|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-3085-2|pages=97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJrVqanlTIUC&dq=ihtisap&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}
4. ^{{cite book|last=Moačanin|first=Nenad|title=Town and country on the middle Danube, 1526-1690|year=2006|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-14758-4|pages=87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDt9vgBqnxsC&dq=ihtisab&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=Essays in Ottoman-Turkish political history|year=2000|publisher=Isis Press|isbn=978-975-428-163-7|pages=89–90|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzRpAAAAMAAJ&q=ihtisap&dq=ihtisap&hl=en&ei=7ZWuTcqzHsvEsgav_5nXDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last=Shaw|first=Stanford|title=The Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Tax Reforms and Revenue System|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|date=October 1975|volume=6|issue=4|pages=421–459|doi=10.1017/s0020743800025368}}