| 词条 | Rout |
| 释义 |
A rout {{IPAc-en|r|aʊ|t}} is a panicked, disorderly and undisciplined retreat of troops from a battlefield, following a collapse in a given unit's command authority, unit cohesion and combat morale (esprit de corps). In the absence of effective motivation and control from their leaders, a unit that has taken heavy casualties and/or believes itself about to be surrounded, annihilated or overrun by a superior force may suddenly disintegrate into a state of self-perpetuating mass panic, with each combatant running pell-mell in a herd mentality towards a place of imagined safety (usually directly away from the enemy). A force which has retreated thus is said to have "routed", "broken", "fled the field" or declared "every man for himself" ({{lang|fr|sauve qui peut}}). In contrast, a united, orderly and command-supervised retreat from combat is known as a withdrawal (historically known as "retiring from the field"), and invariably preserves a much greater portion of the fighting force's strength. This includes the all-important ability to defend itself intelligently en masse from pursuers while retreating to a militarily defensible position. A routing force, in comparison, is little more than a scattered and terrified mob, useless to its commanders, unable to intelligently defend itself from the pursuing enemy and easily capable of spreading its panic to any other friendly unit in the vicinity. The opposite of a rout is a rally, in which a military unit that has routed in disorder (or is wavering on the brink of a rout) is reinstilled with fighting spirit via some means, generally the decisive (and often forceful) reimposition of command influence: the threat of the officer's pistol in modern times (and the vine staff of the Roman centurion in antiquity) reflect the ancient and pressing need to forcibly halt such battlefield panics immediately and restore discipline at all costs, including fratricidal summary execution if necessary--but also via suicidal acts of bravery or inspiring words to the same effect. History is replete with famous rallying speeches, such as Frederick the Great, exhorting his elite (but wavering) Prussian Army in the center of the Battle of Kolín in 1757 ("Scoundrels, do you wish to live forever?!") or US Army Brigadier General Norman Cota addressing his mauled units under fire on Omaha Beach ("Gentlemen, we are being killed on these beaches! Let us go inland and be killed!"). HistoryHistorically, lightly equipped soldiers such as auxiliaries, light cavalry, partisans or militia were important when pursuing a fast-moving, defeated enemy force and could often keep up the pursuit into the following day, causing the routed army heavy casualties or total dissolution. The slower moving heavy forces could then either seize objectives or pursue at leisure. However, with the advent of armoured warfare and blitzkrieg style operations, an enemy army could be kept more or less in a routed or disorganized state for days or weeks on end. In modern times, a routed formation will often cause a complete breakdown in the entire front, enabling the organized foe to attain a quick and decisive victory in the campaign. In the blitzkrieg warfare that characterized World War II, the French Army was decisively defeated in the Battle of Sedan (1940) opening a {{convert|20|km|mi}} gap in Allied lines into which Heinz Guderian poured his mechanized forces. German tanks kept the rout going, and the Allies were unable to stabilize the situation before the Wehrmacht occupied Paris and forced the capitulation of the French government. TacticsFeigned routs may be used as a military deception to entice an enemy into pursuing the "retreating" force, with the intent of causing the enemy to abandon a strong defensive position or leading the enemy into an ambush. This carries some risk because a feigned rout can quickly turn into a real one. It was a favourite tactic of the Vikings and it is thought that Norman cavalry successfully performed a feigned rout at the Battle of Hastings. In the Battle of Cowpens, Daniel Morgan's planned retreat of the unreliable forward militia was interpreted by the British commander Banastre Tarleton as a rout, as intended. In over-aggressively pressing the attack, the British lost cohesion and were overwhelmingly defeated in the resulting double envelopment by the Americans. This feigned rout tactic had several benefits: it was a ruse de guerre that played off British expectations that an undisciplined militia would rout on contact, creating British overconfidence; the militia screened the main American force from the British view; and by asking for only two volleys before the retreat Morgan set an achievable goal for shaky and poorly trained militia facing British regulars, as well as allowing the militia units to remain intact for later parts of the battle. Leading up to the French decisive victory at the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon ordered his forces to retreat. Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was surrendering, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights near Austerlitz. Other uses of the term"Rout" is often used to mean "an overwhelming defeat" as well as "to put to disorderly retreat" or "to defeat utterly". It is often used in sports to describe a blowout. In English common law, a rout is a disturbance of the public peace by three or more persons, acting together in a manner that suggests an intention to riot, although they do not carry out the inferred act. As a common law offence, it was abolished in the United Kingdom by the Public Order Act 1986. Rout is personified as the eponymous deity in Homer's Iliad as the cowardly son of Ares. "Rout" is also one of several collective nouns for a group of snails. See also
References{{Refimprove|date=December 2006}} 2 : Military strategy|Military tactics |
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