| 词条 | Impurity after childbirth |
| 释义 |
Impurity after childbirth is a form of impurity, primarily found in Abrahamic religions, that begins after a woman has given birth. It is connected to the seclusion imposed by the expectations of postpartum confinement. Biblical law on impurity after childbirthAccording to Leviticus 12, a woman who gives birth to a son remains impure for a week, and afterwards immerses in a body of water to purify herself. In rabbinical interpretation of Leviticus 12 any subsequent blood she sees over the next 33 days would be considered dam tohar (דַּם טׂוהַר – ritually clean blood), and that blood does not prohibit her from sexual relations with her husband. The law for a woman who gives birth to a daughter is the same, however, the durations are doubled. The mother becomes impure for 2 weeks, and after immersion, any blood she sees over the next 66 days is dam tohar. Jewish law and practicesWithin the realm of Biblical law and post-Biblical Jewish religious discourse surrounding tumah and taharah, the impurity is called in Hebrew tumat yoledet. The biblical laws of postpartum impurity no longer apply, according to rabbinic law,{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} and a yoledet is considered impure until her flow of blood ends. Hence, Halakhah treats a yoledet (woman who gives birth) similarly to any woman with niddah status. Nonetheless, in some Jewish communities, ceremonies and a degree of seclusion were applied to postparturient women. For example, there was a Sana Yemenite custom of women visiting the mother during 4–6 weeks after childbirth. The mother would be visited in a special room in her home and she would sit in a decorated triangle box.[1] Christian practicesSome early churches followed the Jewish custom of restricting women from worship after giving birth until the purification ceremony.[2][3] Today, many Christians commemorate Candlemas, the feast of the purification of the Virgin Mary. Some continue to celebrate a Churching of Women ceremony, derived from the Jewish tradition but not necessarily implicating ritual impurity.[4][5] Scholarly explanationThere is no scholarly consensus for the Biblical law, including the difference between the birth of sons and daughters. Tikva Frymer-Kensky suggested that "like the person who touched death, the person who has experienced birth has been at the boundaries of life/non-life...."[6] Other rationales include moments of crisis or danger, fear of demons, health, and a lack of wholeness.[7] For an attempt at a scientific explanation (re: toxicity of post-puerperal blood) at the duration of the impurity, with attention to related impurity practices in other cultures with differential treatment by newborn gender (e.g., Cich Indians and aboriginal groups in Egypt and Central Africa).[8] Hinduism and SikhismSūtak are Hindu rules of impurity to be followed after the birth of a child (vṛddhi sūtak).[9] Sūtak involves the practice of keeping socially isolated from relatives and community by abstention of mealtaking with family, engaging in customary religious activities, and leaving the home.[10]A mother must practice sūtak for 10 to 30 days, depending upon her caste, while the father may become purified immediately after the birth of his child by ritual purification (ritualistic bathing).[11] Sikhism does not believe in sūtak, there are many references in Gurbani against this practice and refer to purity in regards to higher living, not just washing the body or refraining from eating with others.[12] See also
References1. ^{{Cite book|title = Jewish passages: cycles of Jewish life|last = Goldberg|first = Harvey|publisher = Univ. of California|year = 2003|isbn = |location = |pages = 64–65}} 2. ^Susan K. Roll, "The Old Rite of Churching Women after Childbirth, in {{cite book|editor1-last=De Troyer|editor1-first=Kristin|title=Wholly woman, holy blood: a feminist critique of purity and impurity|date=2003|publisher=Trinity Press International|location=Harrisburg, PA|isbn=9781563384004}} 3. ^Newell, Rachel C. "The thanksgiving of women after childbirth: a blessing in disguise." Exploring the Dirty Side of Women’s Health. London, New York (2007): 44-59. 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Cressy|first1=David|title=Purification, Thanksgiving and the Churching of Women in Post-Reformation England|journal=Past and Present|date=1993|volume=141|issue=1|pages=106–146|doi=10.1093/past/141.1.106|jstor=651031}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Knödel |first1=Natalie|title=Reconsidering an Obsolete Rite: The Churching of Women and Feminist Liturgical Theology|journal=Feminist Theology|date= 1997 |volume=5|issue=14|pages=106–125|doi=10.1177/096673509700001406}} 6. ^p. 401 7. ^{{Cite journal |journal=Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society |author=Milgrom, Jacob |title=The rationale for biblical impurity |year=1993 |volume=22 |issue=1 |url=https://janes.scholasticahq.com/article/2391.pdf}} 8. ^{{Cite journal |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |author=Macht, David I. |title=A scientific appreciation of Leviticus 12: 1-5 |year=1933 |pages=253–260 |jstor=3259207}} 9. ^https://www.douban.com/group/topic/2081128/ 10. ^https://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/sutak 11. ^Textbook of the 'University of Spirituality', Volume 61, Death and Post-Death Rites, by Parātpar Guru (Dr) Athavale and H.H. (Mrs.) Anjali http://sanatanshop.com/shop/en/booklets/383-death-and-post-death-rites.html 12. ^http://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Sutak
5 : Jewish ritual purity law|Childbirth|Mitzvoth|Blood|Ritual purification |
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