“Royal Aircraft Establishment”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) was a British research establishment, known by several different names during its history, that eventually came under the aegis of the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD), before finally losing its identity in mergers with other institutions.

The first site was at Farnborough Airfield ("RAE Farnborough") in Hampshire to which was added a second site RAE Bedford (Bedfordshire) in 1946.

In 1988 it was renamed the Royal Aerospace Establishment before merging with other research entities to become part of the new Defence Research Agency in 1991.

History

In 1904–1906 the Army Balloon Factory, which was part of the Army School of Ballooning, under the command of Colonel James Templer, relocated from Aldershot to the edge of Farnborough Common in order to have enough space to inflate the new "dirigible balloon" or airship which was then under construction.^[1]^[2] Templer's place was taken by Colonel John Capper and Templer himself retired in 1908. Besides balloons and airships, the factory also experimented with Samuel Franklin Cody's war kites and aeroplanes designed both by Cody and J. W. Dunne.^[1] In October 1908 Cody made the first aeroplane flight in Britain at Farnborough.^[3]

In 1909 Army work on aeroplanes ceased and the Factory was brought under civilian control. Capper was replaced as Superintendent by Mervyn O'Gorman.^[1] In 1912 the Balloon Factory was renamed the Royal Aircraft Factory (RAF).^[4]

Its first new designer was Geoffrey de Havilland who later founded his own company. later colleagues included John Kenworthy who became chief engineer and designer at the Austin Motor Company in 1918 and who went on to found the Redwing Aircraft Co in 1930 (Flight International) and Henry Folland – later chief designer at Gloster Aircraft Company, and founder of his own company Folland Aircraft. One of the designers in the engine department was Samuel Heron, who later went on to invent the sodium-filled poppet valve, instrumental in achieving greater power levels from piston engines.^[5] While at the RAF, Heron designed a radial engine that he was not able to build during his time there, however upon leaving the RAF he then went to Siddeley-Deasy where the design, the RAF.8, was developed as the Jaguar.^[6] Heron later moved to the United States where he worked on the design of the Wright Whirlwind.^[7]

Other engineers included Major F.M. Green, G.S. Wilkinson, James E. "Jimmy" Ellor, Prof. A.H. Gibson, and A.A. Griffith. Both Ellor and Griffith would later go on to work for Rolls-Royce Limited.^[8]

In 1918 the Royal Aircraft Factory was once more renamed, becoming the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) to avoid confusion with the Royal Air Force, which was formed on 1 April 1918, and because it had relinquished its manufacturing role to concentrate on research.

During WWII the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment, then based at Helensburgh in Scotland, was under the control of the RAE.

Engineers at the Royal Aircraft Establishment invented high strength carbon fibre in 1963.^[9]

In 1961, the world's first grooved runway for reduced aquaplaning was constructed.^[10] In 1965, a US delegation visited to view the new surfacing practice and initiated a study by the FAA and NASA.^[11]

On 1 April 1991 the RAE was merged into the Defence Research Agency (DRA), the MOD's new research organisation. Then, on 1 April 1995 the DRA and other MOD organisations merged to form the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA).

In 2001 DERA was part-privatised by the MOD, resulting in two separate organisations, the state-owned Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), and the privatised company QinetiQ.

Royal Aircraft Factory

Aircraft Factory designs

Between 1911 and 1918 the Royal Aircraft Factory produced a number of aircraft designs. Most of these were essentially research aircraft, but a few actually went into mass production, especially during the war period. Some orders were met by the factory itself, but the bulk of production was by private British companies, some of which had not previously built aircraft.

Up to about 1913 the designation letters referred to the general layout of the aircraft, derived from a French manufacturer or designer famous for that type:

From 1913/4 onwards this was changed to a designation based on the role for which the aircraft was designed:

The B.S.1 of 1913 was a one-off anomaly, combining both systems: Blériot (tractor) Scout (fighter).

Designs produced

Several aircraft were produced during the days as the Army Balloon Factory. These include the airships as well as the Cody and Dunne designs.

Subsequent Royal Aircraft Factory type designations are inconsistent and confusing. For instance the "F.E.2" designation refers to three quite distinct types, with only the same broad layout in common, the F.E.2 (1911), the F.E.2 (1913), and finally the famous wartime two-seat fighter and general purpose design, the F.E.2 (1914). This last aircraft was the one that went into production, and had three main variants, the F.E.2a, F.E.2b, and the F.E.2d. As if this wasn't enough, there is the F.E.2c; this was a generic description rather than a subtype proper, and refers to several one-off conversions of F.E.2b's that experimentally reversed the seating positions of the pilot and the observer.

The B.E.1 was basically the prototype for the early B.E.2 but the B.E.2c was almost a completely new aeroplane, with very little common with the earlier B.E.2 types apart from engine and fuselage. On the other hand, the B.E.3 to the B.E.7 were all effectively working prototypes for the B.E.8 and were all very similar in design, with progressive minor modifications of the kind that many aircraft undergo during a production run. The B.E.8a was at least as different from the B.E.8 as the B.E.7 was.

The S.E.4a had nothing in common at all with the S.E.4, while the S.E.5a was simply a late production S.E.5 with a more powerful engine.

Several early RAF designs were officially "reconstructions" of existing aircraft, because the Factory did not initially have official authority to build aircraft to their own design. In most cases the type in question used no parts whatever from the wreck, in some cases not even the engine.

Engines

Controversy

At the time of the "Fokker Scourge" in 1915, there was a press campaign against the standardisation of Royal Aircraft Factory types in the Royal Flying Corps, allegedly in favour of superior designs available from the design departments of private British firms. This slowly gained currency, especially because of the undeniable fact that the B.E.2c and B.E.2e were kept in production and in service long after they were obsolete and that the B.E.12 and B.E.12a were indisputable failures. Some of this criticism was prejudiced and ill-informed.^[13]

Some aviation historians continue to perpetuate the resulting belittling of the important experimental work of the Factory during this period, and the exaggeration of the failings of Factory production types, several of which were described in sensationally derogatory terms.^[14]

A modern, rather more "pro-factory" point of view, can be found in several of the volumes of War Planes of the First World War, by J.M. Bruce—MacDonald, London, 1965.

Changes

After the end of the First World War design and development of aircraft types ended – although work continued on general research, and the development of missiles. Research included Wind tunnel testing and other aeronautical research, areas which offered rare opportunities for Women in STEM fields at this time with examples including Frances Bradfield who worked at the RAE for her entire career from 1919 to her retirement; Johanna Weber, a German mathematician who joined the RAE after World War II as part of Operation Surgeon to exploit German aeronautical researchers and technicians and bring them to the UK; and Beatrice Shilling who went on to invent Miss Shilling's orifice, to improve the engine performance of RAF Hurricane and Spitfire fighters during the Battle of Britain as part of wider work at the RAE on aircraft engine problems during World War II.

In 1930 the RAE developed the Robot Air Pilot, an autopilot that used a gyro and flight controls that functioned by compressed air.^[15]

Aircraft that were developed or tested at the RAE included the Hawker Siddeley Harrier and Concorde.

Aircraft

Missiles

Rockets

In the late fifties and through the sixties work proceeded at the RAE on several rocket projects – all of which were eventually abandoned

Space satellites

Current use of the Farnborough site

The National Aerospace Library (NAL), located in the former Weapon Aerodynamics building (Q134 Building) has a collection of over 2,500 technical reports produced by the RAE.^[17]

The historic Farnborough factory site houses three major wind tunnels, the 24' low speed wind tunnel (Q121 Building), constructed during the early 1930s, the No. 2 11.5' low speed wind tunnel (R136 Building) and the 8' x 6' transonic wind tunnel within R133 Building, which was originally commissioned in the early 1940s as a 10' x 7' high subsonic speed tunnel, but converted during the mid-1950s. A smaller 2' x 1.5' transonic tunnel is housed in R133 Building, while R52 Building contains the remaining 4' x 3' low turbulence wind tunnel. R52 Building had previously housed two early 10' x 7' low speed tunnels in separate bays, which were replaced by the No. 1 11.5' and 4' x 3' tunnels respectively. The former remains in operation at the University of Southampton.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} R52 building also previously contained a 5' open jet low speed tunnel, originally built as a sub-scale prototype for the larger 24' tunnel, but subsequently modified for use as a noise measurement facility. Both Q121 and R133 are now Grade I listed buildings.

To the west of the Farnborough site is the 5 metre pressurised low speed wind tunnel, which was commissioned in the late 1970s. This facility remains in operation by QinetiQ, primarily for the development and testing of aircraft high lift systems.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

Fictional appearance

The hero of Nevil Shute's 1948 novel No Highway is an eccentric "boffin" at Farnborough who predicts metal fatigue in Britain's new airliner, the fictional "Rutland Reindeer". The Comets failed for just this reason in 1954, although in the case of the Comet I the problem was in the metal structure around the squared windows, while the point of failure in the Reindeer aircraft was in the structure of the rear empennage/fuselage joints. A film version of the novel, No Highway in the Sky, appeared in 1951, starring James Stewart as the protagonist. Stewart prepared for the role by shadowing Fred Jones OBE, a co-founder of the RAE Accident Section. Jones later was head of Structures Section (formerly Airworthiness Section) from 1957 to 1980.

See also

References

1. ^¹²Walker, P; Early Aviation at Farnborough, Volume I: Balloons, Kites and Airships, Macdonald, 1971.
2. ^Colonel Templer and the birth of aviation at Farnborough, May 2007, Royal Aeronautical Society, p 13
3. ^Colonel Templer and the birth of aviation at Farnborough, May 2007, Royal Aeronautical Society, p 3
4. ^Colonel Templer and the birth of aviation at Farnborough, May 2007, Royal Aeronautical Society, p 12
5. ^{{cite magazine|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1963/1963%20-%201252.html |title=World News: S.D. Heron |magazine=Flight International |date= 18 July 1963 |volume=84 |issue= 2836|page=80|accessdate=18 August 2011}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.raes.org.uk/pdfs/3164COLOUR.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-12-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202210527/http://www.raes.org.uk/pdfs/3164COLOUR.pdf |archivedate=2 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19791508000 |title=Wright Whirlwind J-5A-B Radial Engine – Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |publisher=Nasm.si.edu |accessdate=18 August 2011}}
8. ^World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines, 5th edition" by Bill Gunston, Sutton Publishing, 2006, p. 209
9. ^{{cite web|title=The history and uses of carbon fibre|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p013jv1v|publisher=BBC|accessdate=3 May 2015|date=9 January 2013}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Grooves for braking on airfield runways|url=https://books.google.be/books?id=7404oFuuDQkC&pg=PA797&lpg=PA797&dq=farnborough+grooved+runway&source=bl&ots=CQHx0TkAug&sig=rzdauRganwiibtFCzsaZCV9UL7U&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj82LqUhfnRAhVKchQKHYpAB_MQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=farnborough%20grooved%20runway&f=false|publisher=New Scientist, 28 September 1961|accessdate=5 February 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web|last1=McGuire|first1=R.C.|title=REPORT ON GROOVED RUNWAY EXPERIENCE AT WASHINGTON NATIONAL AIRPORT|url=https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19690011108|website=Internet Archive|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration|accessdate=5 February 2017}}
12. ^{{cite magazine|title=Airscene: Aircraft and Industry: United Kingdom |magazine=Air International |date=July 1988 |volume=35 |issue=1 |page=5 |issn=0306-5634}}
13. ^John Lloyd Aircraft of World War I 1958 Ian Allan publisher, Surrey, UK
14. ^Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I Military Press, New York 1990—{{ISBN|0-517-03376-3}}.cn
15. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=qOIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA950&dq=Popular+Science+1930+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&hl=en&ei=_7BlTsWeBYTWgQf9mIiLCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&sqi=2&ved=0CE8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=true "Robot Air Pilot Keeps Plane on True Course" Popular Mechanics, December 1930]
16. ^Farnborough Business Park
17. ^"National Aerospace Library" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202122827/http://www.raes.org.uk/cmspage.asp?cmsitemid=Library_NAL |date=2 February 2011 }} RAeS Retrieved: 27 January 2011.