| 词条 | Royal Artillery |
| 释义 |
| unit_name = Royal Regiment of Artillery | image = Royal Artillery Badge.jpg | caption = Cap Badge of the Royal Regiment of Artillery | dates = 1716–present | country = | allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}} | branch = {{army|United Kingdom}} | type = | role = Artillery | size = 13 Regular regiments 5 Reserve regiments | command_structure = | garrison = Various: Larkhill (Regimental HQ), Catterick, Tidworth, Colchester, Hohne | patron = | motto = Ubique Quo Fas Et Gloria Ducunt {{efn|"Everywhere That Right And Glory Lead"; in Latin fas implies "sacred duty")[1]}} | colours = The guns are regarded as the regimental colours | march = British Grenadiers / Voice Of The Guns (Quick); The Royal Artillery Slow March colloquially known as The Duchess of Kent (Slow); The Keel Row (Trot); "Bonnie Dundee" (Canter) | mascot = | battles = | anniversaries= | notable_commanders = |identification_symbol= |identification_symbol_label=Tactical Recognition Flash | current_commander = | ceremonial_chief = HM The Queen Elizabeth II | ceremonial_chief_label = Captain General | colonel_of_the_regiment = Lieutenant General Sir Andrew Gregory KBE CB | colonel_of_the_regiment_label = Master Gunner, St James's Park | nicknames = "The Nine Mile Snipers", "Gun Bunnies", "Trail Apes", "Missile Jockeys", "Drop Shorts", "Cloud Punchers" }}{{British Army Arms}} The Royal Regiment of Artillery, commonly referred to as the Royal Artillery (RA) and colloquially known as "The Gunners", is the artillery arm of the British Army. The Royal Regiment of Artillery comprises thirteen Regular Army regiments, King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery and five Army Reserve regiments.[2] HistoryFormation to 1799Artillery was used by the English army as early as the Battle of Crécy in 1346, while Henry VIII established it as a semi-permanent function in the 16th century.[3] Until the early 18th century, the majority of British regiments were raised for specific campaigns and disbanded on completion.[4] An exception were gunners based at the Tower of London, Portsmouth and other forts around Britain, who were controlled by the Ordnance Office and provided personnel for field artillery 'traynes' as needed.[5] Their numbers were extremely small; as late as 1720, the total establishment for the whole of Britain was 41 master gunners and 178 gunner assistants.[6] During the 18th century, the military became increasingly professional, particularly in the fields of artillery and engineering; Britain lagged behind others in this area, with Vauban establishing the French Corps royal des ingénieurs militaires as far back as 1690.[7] When Marlborough was restored as Master-General of the Ordnance in 1714, he initiated a series of reforms, which included splitting the existing Ordnance Service into artillery and sappers or engineers.[8] This was approved and two permanent companies of field artillery were established in 1716, each 100 men strong; this became the "Royal Artillery" in 1720.[3] These were increased to four companies and on 1 April 1722 grouped with independent artillery units at Gibraltar and Menorca to form the Royal Regiment of Artillery; the first commander was Colonel Albert Borgard, a Dane who served in the British army since 1698.[3] Selection and promotion within the Royal Artillery was largely based on merit, rather than the commission purchase system used elsewhere until 1870. A cadet company was formed at the Royal Military Academy or RMA Woolwich in 1741; this trained artillery and engineering officers for the regiment, the East India Company and the Royal Irish Artillery.[3] In 1757, it split into two battalions, each of twelve companies; by 1780, it contained 32 companies in four battalions, two "invalid companies" used solely for garrison duties and the Royal Artillery Band, with a total strength of 5,241 men and officers.[9] Originally based in the Royal Arsenal, beginning in 1770 the regiment was rehoused in the Royal Artillery Barracks on Woolwich Common.[10] A major innovation in 1793 was the establishment of the Royal Horse Artillery, designed to provide mobile fire support for cavalry units.[3] 1800-1899The regiment was involved in all major campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars; in 1804, naval artillery was transferred to the Royal Marine Artillery, while the Royal Irish Artillery lost its separate status in 1810 after the 1800 Union. This period also saw development of the Congreve rocket; based on an existing Indian design, these were the first solid-fuel projectiles used by the British army and two Rocket troops were established in 1814. Their use in the War of 1812 is referenced in the line 'rockets red glare' which appears in the Star-Spangled Banner.[11] After Waterloo in 1815, Europe was at peace until the 1853 Crimean War. Overall supervision of the regiment was transferred to the War Office when the Board of Ordnance was abolished in 1855 and the War Office School of Gunnery established in Shoeburyness in 1859.[3] When the British East India Company was dissolved in 1862, its artillery function was absorbed by the Royal artillery, giving it a total strength of 29 horse batteries, 73 field batteries and 88 heavy batteries.[3] Military expenditure estimates for 1872 list the regimental strength as a total of 34,943 men and officers, including those in India.[12] 1900 to present dayOn 1 July 1899, the Royal Artillery was divided into three groups: the Royal Horse Artillery of 21 batteries and the Royal Field Artillery of 95 batteries composed one group, while the coastal defence, mountain, siege and heavy batteries were split off into another group named the Royal Garrison Artillery of 91 companies.[3] The third group continued to be titled simply Royal Artillery, and was responsible for ammunition storage and supply. Which branch a gunner belonged to was indicated by metal shoulder titles (R.A., R.F.A., R.H.A., or R.G.A.). The RFA and RHA also dressed as mounted men, whereas the RGA dressed like foot soldiers. In 1920 the rank of Bombardier was instituted in the Royal Artillery.[3] The three sections effectively functioned as separate corps. This arrangement lasted until 1924, when the three amalgamated once more to become one regiment.[3] In 1938, RA Brigades were renamed Regiments. During the World War II there were over 1 million men serving in 960 gunner regiments.[13] In 1947 the Riding House Troop RHA was renamed The King's Troop RHA and, in 1951, the title of the regiment's colonel-in-chief became Captain General.[3] When The Queen first visited the Troop after her accession, it was expected that it would become "The Queen's Troop", but Her Majesty announced that in honour of her father's decision it would remain "The King's Troop".[14] The Royal Horse Artillery, which has separate traditions, uniforms and insignia, still retains a distinct identity within the regiment.[3] Before World War II, Royal Artillery recruits were required to be at least {{convert|5|ft|4|in|m}} tall. Men in mechanised units had to be at least {{convert|5|ft|8|in|m}} tall. They initially enlisted for six years with the colours and a further six years with the reserve or four years and eight years. They trained at the Royal Artillery Depot in Woolwich.[15] From its beginnings, the Royal Artillery has been based at Woolwich, in south-east London. In 2003 it was decided to move the headquarters to Larkhill on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire (the RA's training ground, where the Royal School of Artillery has been based since 1915). The last Royal Artillery troops left Woolwich Barracks in 2007; in 2012, however, the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery was relocated to Woolwich from their former headquarters in St John's Wood.[16] The Royal Artillery todayThe Royal Artillery is equipped with a variety of equipment and performs a wide range of roles, including:
The Captain General of the regiment is Queen Elizabeth II. The post was previously known as Colonel-in-Chief until King George VI expressed the desire to be known as Captain General. The head of the regiment is the Master Gunner, St. James's Park. The Royal Regiment of Artillery comprises both Regular (full-time) and Reserve (part-time) units. The Royal Regiment of Artillery is unusual in that it has sub-units that often move between regiments, or are placed into suspended animation. See List of Royal Artillery Batteries. Regular ArmyThe Royal Regiment of Artillery comprises 13 Regular Army Regiment
Army Reserve
EquipmentAir defenceThe Royal Artillery utilised two different air defence weapons:
Close support artilleryThe Royal Artillery field the following Close Support/Offensive Support weapons:
Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance (ISTAR)
Ceremonial
List of obsolete Royal Artillery equipmentSurface-to-air missiles
Surface-to-surface ballistic missiles
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Order of precedence{{S-start}}{{order of precedence |before= Royal Armoured Corps | title= Order of Precedence| after= Corps of Royal Engineers }}{{S-end}} In the British Army Order of Precedence, the Household Cavalry is always listed first and always parades at the extreme right of the line. However, when the Royal Horse Artillery is on parade with its guns, (usually in the form of The Kings Troop, Royal Horse Artillery) it will replace the Household Cavalry at the extreme right of the line.[20] MuseumThe Regimental museum, "Firepower" located in the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich closed in 2017. It is expected to relocate to Larkhill. Affiliations
See also{{Portal|British Army}}
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^{{London Gazette|issue=18952|page=1583|date=10 July 1832}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/artillery/23532.aspx|title=The British Army - Regiments|last=cgsmediacomma-amc-dig-shared@mod.uk|first=The British Army,|website=www.army.mod.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-03-03}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 History and Traditions of the Royal Artillery 4. ^{{cite book |last1=Chandler David |first1=Beckett Ian |title=The Oxford History Of The British Army |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280311-5 |page=52 |edition=2002}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Hogg|first1=Brigadier O.F.G.|title=The Royal Arsenal|date=1963|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=302–344}} 6. ^{{cite book |last1=Duncan |first1=Francis |title=History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Volume I |date=1872 |publisher=John Murray |page=435 |edition=1879}} 7. ^{{cite book |last1=Mousnier |first1=Roland |title=The Institutions of France Under the Absolute Monarchy, 1598-1789 |date=1979 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226543277 |pages=577–578}} 8. ^{{cite web |last1=Latcham |first1=Paul |title=Armstrong, John |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/659 |website=Oxford DNB |accessdate=26 March 2019}} 9. ^{{cite book |title=Journals of the House of Commons, Volume 37; November 1778 to August 1780 |date=1803 |publisher=HMSO |page=487}} 10. ^{{cite book |last1=Saint, Andrew |first1=Guillery, Peter |title=Survey of London; Woolwich Volume 48 |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300187229 |pages=26-28|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/sites/bartlett/files/48.3_the_royal_arsenal.pdf}} 11. ^{{cite book |last1=Stearn |first1=Roger |title=Congreve, Sir William, second baronet |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford DNB Online |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/6070 }} 12. ^{{cite book |last1=Duncan |first1=Francis |title=History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Volume I |date=1872 |publisher=John Murray |page=2 |edition=1879}} 13. ^Royal Artillery History 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hamhigh.co.uk/news/heritage/king_s_troop_a_modern_history_of_1945_to_2012_1_1205418|title=King’s Troop: A modern history of 1945 to 2012|publisher=Ham & High|accessdate=13 October 2015}} 15. ^War Office, His Majesty's Army, 1938 16. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-16929473 King's Troop moves to its 'spiritual home' in Woolwich] at BBC News, 7 February 2012. Accessed 8 February 2012 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-statement/Commons/2016-12-15/HCWS367/ |title=Strategic Defence and Security Review - Army:Written statement - HCWS367 - UK Parliament |publisher=Parliament.uk |date=2014-12-04 |accessdate=2016-12-16}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xEUsn7hxDMo/WFMZfObk8EI/AAAAAAAAEho/2hLXO0xUOVUYorc22jED3FsIzvghnhEVgCLcB/s1600/Czv9xzCWIAE-W1B.jpg|title=Letter from Brigadier Mead|publisher=1st Artillery Brigade and Headquarters South West|accessdate=16 December 2016}} 19. ^{{cite news|title=In Search of Exactor|url=http://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/2014/04/search-exactor|accessdate=23 January 2016|publisher=Think Defence|date=7 April 2014}} 20. ^Royal horses get their sea legs with a dip in the surf on Cornwall holiday Daily Mail, 21 September 2011 Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Royal Artillery}}
7 : British administrative corps|Royal Artillery|Military units and formations established in 1722|Military units and formations of Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War|Organisations based in the United Kingdom with royal patronage|Artillery units and formations of the British Army|1722 establishments in Great Britain |
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