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词条 Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games
释义

  1. Precursors

  2. 1992 Winter and Summer Olympics

     Independent Olympic Participants  Unified Team 

  3. 2000 Summer Olympics

  4. 2012 Summer Olympics

  5. 2014 Winter Olympics

  6. 2016 Summer Olympics

  7. 2018 Winter Olympics

  8. See also

  9. Footnotes

  10. References

     Citations  Sources 

  11. External links

{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}{{infobox country at games
| NOC = IOP, IOA, OAR
| NOCname =
| games = Olympics
| summerappearances = Independent Olympic Participants (1992)
Individual Olympic Athletes (2000)
Independent Olympic Athletes (2012)
Independent Olympic Athletes (2016)
| winterappearances = Independent Olympic Participants (2014)
Olympic Athletes from Russia (2018)
| seealso =
}}

Athletes have competed as Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games for various reasons, including political transition, international sanctions, suspensions of National Olympic Committees, and compassion. Independent athletes have come from the Republic of Macedonia, East Timor, South Sudan and Curaçao following geopolitical changes in the years before the Olympics, from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (present-day Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia) as a result of international sanctions, from India and Kuwait due to the suspensions of their National Olympic Committees, and Russia for mass violations of anti-doping rules.

Medals were won by Independent Olympians at the 1992 and 2016 Olympics, both times in shooting. The naming and country code conventions for these independent Olympians have not been consistent. Independent Paralympians have participated at Paralympic Games for the same reasons as Independent Olympians.

Precursors

Prior to the 1906 Intercalated Games, entry was not restricted to teams nominated by National Olympic Committees (NOCs). Mixed-nationality teams competed in some team events. Participants in individual events are retrospectively credited to their nationality of the time.

The 1940 Winter Olympics was reassigned to Garmisch-Partenkirchen in spring 1939. In concert with Nazi German claims on Czechoslovakia, the organisers refused to recognise the Czechoslovakia NOC; however they were prepared to allow its athletes to enter under the Olympic flag.[1] In any event, the Games were cancelled because of World War II.[1]

In the Cold War, some athletes who emigrated from Communist European countries were unable to compete at the Olympics, as their original state's NOC neither wanted them on its own team nor gave them permission to transfer nationality. Some applied to compete as individuals in 1952 and 1956, but were refused.[2]

When Guyana joined the 1976 Olympic boycott, its sprinter James Gilkes asked the IOC to be allowed to compete as an individual, but was refused.[3][4][5]

The IOC first made provisions for athletes to compete under the Olympic flag in time for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Some NOCs, mostly from Western Europe, wished to attend the Games despite their governments' supporting the American-led boycott. The NOCs hesitated to use national symbols without government approval, so the IOC relaxed this requirement: 14 NOCs competed under the Olympic flag, while three, New Zealand, Spain and Portugal, competed under their respective NOCs' flag.[6][7][8]

1992 Winter and Summer Olympics

Independent Olympic Participants

{{main article|Independent Olympic Participants at the 1992 Summer Olympics}}

During the 1992 Summer Olympics, athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Macedonia competed as Independent Olympic Participants. Macedonian athletes could not appear under their own flag because their National Olympic Committee (NOC) had not been formed. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) was under United Nations sanctions which prevented the country from taking part in the Olympics. However, individual Yugoslav athletes were allowed to take part as Independent Olympic Participants. 58 athletes competed as Independent Olympic Participants, winning three medals.

MedalNameNationality[9]GamesSportEvents
{{silver medal}} Jasna|Šekarić|4=Sekaric}}FR Yugoslavia}} FR YugoslaviaSOG|1992}} Shooting Women's 10 m air pistol
{{Bronze medal}} Aranka|Binder}}FR Yugoslavia}} FR YugoslaviaSOG|1992}} Shooting Women's 10 m air rifle
{{Bronze medal}} Stevan|Pletikosić|4=Pletikosic}}FR Yugoslavia}} FR YugoslaviaSOG|1992}} Shooting Men's 50 m rifle prone

Unified Team

{{main article|Unified Team at the Olympics}}

The former Soviet Union competed under the Olympic flag at the 1992 Winter Olympics and 1992 Summer Olympics as a Unified Team.

2000 Summer Olympics

{{main article|Individual Olympic Athletes at the 2000 Summer Olympics}}

At the 2000 Summer Olympics, four athletes from East Timor competed as Individual Olympic Athletes during the country's transition to independence.

2012 Summer Olympics

{{main article|Independent Olympic Athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}

Four athletes competed as Independent Olympic Athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles and subsequent withdrawal of the country's National Olympic Committee, three athletes from the country who qualified for the Games were allowed to compete independently. Several others competed for either Aruba or the Netherlands.

The National Olympic Committee for South Sudan was not established between the formation of that state and the 2012 Olympic qualifying. One athlete from South Sudan, Guor Marial, qualified for the Games, and was allowed to compete as an independent.

Athletes from Kuwait were originally allowed to compete as Independent Olympic Athletes as well, because their National Olympic Committee (NOC) was suspended. However, the NOC was reinstated allowing the athletes to compete under their own flag. Kuwait competed under the Olympic flag at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics and 2010 Asian Games.[10]

2014 Winter Olympics

{{main article|India at the 2014 Winter Olympics}}

The Indian Olympic Association was suspended from the IOC in December 2012, due to problems with its electoral process.[11] New elections were scheduled for 9 February 2014, two days after the start of the 2014 Winter Olympics.[12] Therefore, the three Indian athletes who qualified for the Games were scheduled to compete as Independent Olympic Participants.[11]

On 8 and 9 February, Shiva Keshavan participated in the luge competition and received 38th place. He would end up being the only athlete to officially participate as an Independent Olympic Participant.

On 11 February 2014 the IOC reinstated the Indian Olympic Association after Narayana Ramachandran, the president of the World Squash Federation, was voted in as the new president of the Indian Olympic Association, allowing the two remaining athletes to compete under the Indian flag rather than as independent athletes. This was the first time such a reinstatement of an NOC occurred as an Olympic Games were underway.[13][14]

2016 Summer Olympics

{{see|Independent Olympic Athletes at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Refugee Olympic Team at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}

Kuwaiti athletes competed as independent, as the Kuwait Olympic Committee was suspended by the International Olympic Committee due to governmental interference.[15][16][17] This was the second suspension in five years; the first suspension resulted in Kuwaiti athletes being forced to compete under the Olympic flag as Athletes from Kuwait for the 2010 Asian Games. Fehaid Al-Deehani became the first Independent Olympic Athlete to win a gold medal. Like with gold medalists of the Unified Team at the 1992 Winter and Summer Olympics, the Olympic Hymn was played in the victory ceremony.

Refugees were allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag at the 2016 Summer Olympics, under the label Refugee Olympic Team. Ten athletes from four countries competed for this team.[18]

Due to widespread state-controlled doping in Russia, the International Association of Athletic Federations suspended the All-Russia Athletic Federation in November 2015. As a result, no Russian athlete would able to compete internationally, including the 2016 Olympics, until the suspension was lifted. The IAAF announced a path for athletes who train outside the Russia system and could prove themselves to be clean, as well as those who have helped in the fight against doping, to be eligible to compete as neutral athletes at the 2016 Olympics.[19] Two athletes, Darya Klishina and Yuliya Stepanova were initially cleared for competition, as Independent Athletes.[20]

Although Yulia Stepanova was cleared by IAAF because of her revelations regarding Russia's systemic doping program, and IOC's recognition of her 'contribution to the protection and promotion of clean athletes,' she was banned by the IOC in line with decision to ban all Russian athletes with previous doping convictions.[21] IOC also rejected the suggestion that 'neutral' athletes could compete outside of national selection.[22] Klishina was subsequently confirmed as competing under Russian colors, their only competitor in athletics at the 2016 Olympics. [23]

MedalNameNationality[24]GamesSportEvents
{{gold medal}} Fehaid|Al-Deehani}}KUW}}SOG|2016}} Shooting Men's double trap
{{bronze medal}} Abdullah|Al-Rashidi}}KUW}}SOG|2016}} Shooting Men's skeet

2018 Winter Olympics

{{main article|Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics}}

On December 5, 2017, the IOC announced that Russia would be banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics over its state-sponsored doping program. Russian athletes were allowed to participate under the Olympic flag as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) if they were cleared by a panel, which was chaired by Valerie Fourneyron and had representatives from the IOC, the World Anti-Doping Agency, and the Doping Free Sport Unit of the Global Association of International Sports Federations.[25][26][27]

MedalNameNationality[28]GamesSportEvents
{{gold medal}} Alina|Zagitova}}RUS}}WOG|2018}} Figure skating Ladies' singles
{{gold medal}} {{CompactTabler1c1=Sergei AndronovAlexander Barabanov}}r3c1=Pavel Datsyukr4c1=Vladislav Gavrikovr5c1=Mikhail Grigorenkor6c1=Nikita Gusevr7c1=Ilya Kablukovr8c1=Sergey Kalininr9c1=Kirill Kaprizovr1c2=Bogdan Kiselevichr2c2=Vasily Koshechkinr3c2=Ilya KovalchukAlexey Marchenko}}r5c2=Sergei Mozyakinr6c2=Nikita Nesterovr7c2=Nikolai Prokhorkinr8c2=Igor Shestyorkinr1c3=Vadim Shipachyovr2c3=Sergei Shirokovr3c3=Ilya Sorokinr4c3=Ivan TeleginVyacheslav Voynov}}r6c3=Egor Yakovlevr7c3=Artyom Zubr8c3=Andrei Zubarev
}}		RUS}}WOG|2018}} Ice hockey Men's tournament
{{silver medal}} Mikhail|Kolyada}}
{{sortname|Evgenia|Medvedeva}}
{{sortname|Alina|Zagitova}}
{{sortname|Evgenia|Tarasova}}
{{sortname|Vladimir|Morozov|Vladimir Morozov (figure skater)}}
{{sortname|Natalia|Zabiiako}}
{{sortname|Alexander|Enbert}}
{{sortname|Ekaterina|Bobrova}}
{{sortname|Dmitri|Soloviev}}		RUS}}WOG|2018}} Figure skating Team event
{{silver medal}} Nikita|Tregubov}}RUS}}WOG|2018}} Skeleton Men's
{{silver medal}} Aleksandr|Bolshunov}}
Aleksey Chervotkin
Andrey Larkov
Denis Spitsov		RUS}}WOG|2018}} Cross-country skiing Men's 4 × 10 km relay
{{silver medal}} Aleksandr|Bolshunov}}
Denis Spitsov		RUS}}WOG|2018}} Cross-country skiing Men's team sprint
{{silver medal}} Evgenia|Medvedeva}}RUS}}WOG|2018}} Figure skating Ladies' singles
{{silver medal}} Aleksandr|Bolshunov}}RUS}}WOG|2018}} Cross-country skiing Men's 50 km classical
{{bronze medal}} Semion|Elistratov}}RUS}}WOG|2018}} Short track speed skating Men's 1500 metres
{{bronze medal}} Yulia|Belorukova}}RUS}}WOG|2018}} Cross-country skiing Women's sprint
{{bronze medal}} Aleksandr|Bolshunov}}RUS}}WOG|2018}} Cross-country skiing Men's sprint
{{bronze medal}} Denis|Spitsov}}RUS}}WOG|2018}} Cross-country skiing Men's 15 km freestyle
{{bronze medal}} Natalya|Voronina}}RUS}}WOG|2018}} Speed skating Women's 5000 m
{{bronze medal}} Yulia|Belorukova}}
Anna Nechaevskaya
Natalia Nepryaeva
Anastasia Sedova		RUS}}WOG|2018}} Cross-country skiing Women's 4 × 5 km relay
{{bronze medal}} Ilya|Burov}}RUS}}WOG|2018}} Freestyle skiing Men's aerials
{{bronze medal}} Sergey|Ridzik}}RUS}}WOG|2018}} Freestyle skiing Men's ski cross
{{bronze medal}} Andrey|Larkov}}RUS}}WOG|2018}} Cross-country skiing Men's 50 km classical

See also

  • List of flag bearers for Independent Olympians at the Olympics
  • Independent Paralympians at the Paralympic Games

Footnotes

1. ^1 {{cite book|last=Scharenberg|first=Swantje|editor=John E. Findling, Kimberly D. Pelle|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&pg=PA310|accessdate=16 June 2013|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313322785|page=310|chapter=1940 Olympic Winter Games (Never Held)}}
2. ^Espy 1981, pp.168–9
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/nations/nation=guyana/library/tabs/_nationTradition.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425162654/http://www.nbcolympics.com/nations/nation%3Dguyana/library/tabs/_nationTradition.html |archivedate=25 April 2012 |title=Guyana: Olympic tradition. |work=NBC Olympics |publisher=NBC |accessdate=17 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}
4. ^{{cite news |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/lethbridge-herald/1976-07-26/page-12/ |title=James Wilkes [sic] deserved to compete in Olympics |first=Dave |last=Anderson |work=Lethbridge Herald |date=26 July 1976 |page=12}}
5. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.stabroeknews.com/2008/opinion/editorial/08/15/james-gilkes-a-lost-opportunity/ |title=James Gilkes: A lost opportunity |work=Stabroek News |date=15 August 2008}}
6. ^Espy 1981, p.196
7. ^{{cite journal |date=May 1980 |title=Around the National Olympic Committees: Declaration by 18 European NOCs |journal=Olympic Review |publisher=International Olympic Committee |location=Lausanne |issue=151 |page=273 |url=http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1980/ore151/ORE151v.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=19 August 2016}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last=Barker|first=Philip|date=July 2010|title=The Hidden Legacies of Moscow '80: Changes in Ceremonial and Attitudes|journal=Journal of Olympic History|publisher=ISOH|volume=18|issue=2|pages=32–37|url=http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv18n2/JOHv18n2i.pdf |format=PDF}}
9. ^The athlete's nationality is listed at the time of the competition.
10. ^{{cite web|title=Olympics-Kuwait to hoist flag at Games after row resolved|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/14/oly-kuwait-adv13-flag-idUSL6E8IE13520120714|accessdate=24 July 2012}}
11. ^1 {{cite web|title=Indian athletes to compete under Olympic flag at Sochi Games|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/olympics/indian-athletes-to-compete-under-olympic-flag-at-sochi-games/article16258165/|work=The Globe and Mail|accessdate=19 January 2014}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Shiva Keshavan qualifies for Sochi Winter Olympics|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/2014-sochi-winter-olympics/Shiva-Keshavan-qualifies-for-Sochi-Winter-Olympics/articleshow/29045442.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=19 January 2014}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/02/11/world/asia/sochi-olympics-india-reinstated/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |title=International Olympic Committee reinstates India at Sochi after ban |publisher=CNN |date=11 February 2014 |accessdate=11 February 2014}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-executive-board-lifts-suspension-of-noc-of-india/224038|title=IOC Executive Board lifts suspension of NOC of India|date=21 July 2016|publisher=|accessdate=10 August 2016}}
15. ^{{cite news|title=IOC suspends Kuwait's national Olympic committee|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2015/10/26/sheikh-ahmad-kuwait-olympic-body-to-be-suspended/74665084/|publisher=USA Today|date=27 October 2015|accessdate=4 November 2015}}
16. ^{{cite news|title=Suspension of the Kuwait Olympic Committee|url=http://www.olympic.org/news/suspension-of-the-kuwait-olympic-committee/247383|publisher=Olympics|date=27 October 2015|accessdate=4 November 2015}}
17. ^{{cite news|title=Independent Olympic Athletes |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/ioa |publisher=rio2016.com |accessdate=3 August 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815202125/https://www.rio2016.com/en/ioa |archivedate=15 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }}
18. ^{{cite web|title=Team of Refugee Olympic Athletes (ROA) created by the IOC|url=http://www.olympic.org/news/team-of-refugee-olympic-athletes-roa-created-by-the-ioc/248766|publisher=IOC|accessdate=3 March 2016}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-21/russian-chief-says-clean-athletes-to-appeal-iaaf-blanket-ban/7531368|title=Russians, Kenyans to face evaluation for Rio Games spots, IOC chief Thomas Bach says|date=21 June 2016|access-date=22 July 2016|work=ABC News}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/rio-2016-olympics-russian-athletes-banned-darya-klishina-long-jump-doping-a7129321.html|title=Rio 2016: Every Russian athlete except Darya Klishina and Yuliya Stepanova rejected from competing at Olympics|last=Yeung|first=Peter|date=10 July 2016|work=The Independent|accessdate=22 July 2016}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/decision-of-the-ioc-executive-board-concerning-the-participation-of-russian-athletes-in-the-olympic-games-rio-2016|title=Decision of the IOC Executive Board concerning the participation of Russian athletes in the Olympic Games Rio 2016|date=24 July 2016|work=IOC|accessdate=24 July 2016}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/background-information-to-the-decision-of-the-ioc-executive-board-concerning-the-participation-of-russian-athletes-in-the-olympic-games-rio-2016|title=Background Information to the decision of the IOC Executive Board concerning the participation of Russian athletes in the Olympic Games Rio 2016|last=|first=|date=2016-07-24|website=|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725144348/https://www.olympic.org/news/background-information-to-the-decision-of-the-ioc-executive-board-concerning-the-participation-of-russian-athletes-in-the-olympic-games-rio-2016|archive-date=2016-07-25|access-date=2016-07-27}}
23. ^{{cite web|last1=Gleeson|first1=Matthew|title=Russian Darya Klishina training where Australians train ahead of 2016 Rio Olympics|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/olympics/rio-2016/russian-darya-klishina-training-where-australians-train-ahead-of-2016-rio-olympics-20160731-gqhx0g.html|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=1 August 2016}}
24. ^The athlete's nationality is listed at the time of the competition.
25. ^{{cite news|title=IOC bans Russia from Pyeongchang Olympics, but will allow clean athletes to compete as neutrals|url=https://nationalpost.com/sports/olympics/ioc-bans-russia-from-pyeongchang-winter-olympics|publisher=National Post|accessdate=December 5, 2017|date=December 5, 2017}}
26. ^{{cite news|last1=Ruiz|first1=Rebecca|last2=Panja|first2=Tariq|title=Russia Banned from Winter Olympics by I.O.C.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/05/sports/olympics/ioc-russia-winter-olympics.html?mtrref=t.co|accessdate=5 December 2017|work=The New York Times}}
27. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/russia-banned-from-2018-olympics-following-doping-allegations/2017/12/05/9ab49790-d9d4-11e7-b859-fb0995360725_story.html|title=Russia banned from 2018 Olympics for widespread doping program|last=Hobson|first=Will|date=2017-12-05|work=Washington Post|access-date=2017-12-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}
28. ^The athlete's nationality is listed at the time of the competition.

References

Citations

{{reflist|colwidth=50em}}

Sources

  • {{cite book|last=Espy|first=Richard|title=The Politics of the Olympic Games: With an Epilogue, 1976-1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEA_Ss_2wK0C|accessdate=19 August 2016|year=1981|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520043954}}

External links

  • {{cite web|title=Individual Olympic Athletes |publisher=Sports-Reference.com |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IOA |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003830/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IOA/ |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}
{{Nations at the Olympics}}

3 : Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games|Independent athletes|Doping in Russia
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