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词条 Inertial manifold
释义

  1. Introductory Example

  2. Definition

  3. Existence

  4. Approximate inertial manifolds

  5. See also

  6. References

In mathematics, inertial manifolds are concerned with the long term behavior of the solutions of dissipative dynamical systems. Inertial manifolds are finite-dimensional, smooth, invariant manifolds that contain the global attractor and attract all solutions exponentially quickly. Since an inertial manifold is finite-dimensional even if the original system is infinite-dimensional, and because most of the dynamics for the system takes place on the inertial manifold, studying the dynamics on an inertial manifold produces a considerable simplification in the study of the dynamics of the original system.[1]

In many physical applications, inertial manifolds express an interaction law between the small and large wavelength structures. Some say that the small wavelengths are enslaved by the large (e.g. synergetics). Inertial manifolds may also appear as slow manifolds common in meteorology, or as the center manifold in any bifurcation. Computationally, numerical schemes for partial differential equations seek to capture the long term dynamics and so such numerical schemes form an approximate inertial manifold.

Introductory Example

Consider the dynamical system in just two variables  and  and with parameter :[2]

  • It possesses the one dimensional inertial manifold  of (a parabola).
  • This manifold is invariant under the dynamics because on the manifold 

  which is the same as

 

  • The manifold  attracts all trajectories in some finite domain around the origin because near the origin  (although the strict definition below requires attraction from all initial conditions).

Hence the long term behavior of the original two dimensional dynamical system is given by the 'simpler' one dimensional dynamics on the inertial manifold , namely .

Definition

Let denote a solution of a dynamical system. The solution  may be an evolving vector in or may be an evolving function in an infinite-dimensional Banach space .

In many cases of interest the evolution of  is determined as the solution of a differential equation in , say with initial value .

In any case, we assume the solution of the dynamical system can be written in terms of a semigroup operator, or state transition matrix, such that for all times and all initial values .

In some situations we might consider only discrete values of time as in the dynamics of a map.

An inertial manifold[1] for a dynamical semigroup  is a smooth manifold  such that

  1. is of finite dimension,
  2. for all times ,
  3. attracts all solutions exponentially quickly, that is, for every initial value  there exist constants  such that .

The restriction of the differential equation  to the inertial manifold  is therefore a well defined finite-dimensional system called the inertial system.[1]

Subtly, there is a difference between a manifold being attractive, and solutions on the manifold being attractive.

Nonetheless, under appropriate conditions the inertial system possesses so-called asymptotic completeness:[3] that is, every solution of the differential equation has a companion solution lying in  and producing the same behavior for large time; in mathematics, for all  there exists  and possibly a time shift  such that as .

Researchers in the 2000s generalized such inertial manifolds to time dependent (nonautonomous) and/or stochastic dynamical systems (e.g.[4][5])

Existence

Existence results that have been proved address inertial manifolds that are expressible as a graph.[1]

The governing differential equation is rewritten more specifically in the form for unbounded self-adjoint closed operator  with domain , and nonlinear operator .

Typically, elementary spectral theory gives an orthonormal basis of  consisting of eigenvectors : , , for ordered eigenvalues .

For some given number  of modes,  denotes the projection of  onto the space spanned by , and  denotes the orthogonal projection onto the space spanned by .

We look for an inertial manifold expressed as the graph .

For this graph to exist the most restrictive requirement is the spectral gap condition[1]  where the constant  depends upon the system.

This spectral gap condition requires that the spectrum of  must contain large gaps to be guaranteed of existence.

Approximate inertial manifolds

Several methods are proposed to construct approximations to

inertial manifolds,[1] including the

so-called intrinsic low-dimensional manifolds.[6][7]

The most popular way to approximate follows from the

existence of a graph.

Define the  slow variables , and the 'infinite'

fast variables .

Then project the differential equation

onto both 

and  to obtain the coupled system

and

.

For trajectories on the graph of an inertial

manifold , the fast

variable .

Differentiating and using the coupled system form gives the

differential equation for the graph:

This differential equation is typically solved approximately

in an asymptotic expansion in 'small'  to

give an invariant manifold model,[8]

or a nonlinear Galerkin method,[9]

both of which use a global basis whereas the so-called

holistic discretisation uses a local basis.[10]

Such approaches to approximation of inertial manifolds are

very closely related to approximating center manifolds

for which a web service exists to construct approximations

for systems input by a

user.[11]

See also

  • Wandering set

References

1. ^R. Temam. Inertial manifolds. Mathematical Intelligencer, 12:68–74, 1990
2. ^A. J. Roberts. Simple examples of the derivation of amplitude equations for systems of equations possessing bifurcations. J. Austral. Math. Soc. B, 27:48--65, 1985.
3. ^J. C. Robinson. The asymptotic completeness of inertial manifolds. Nonlinearity, 9:1325–1340, 1996.  
4. ^B. Schmalfuss and K. R. Schneider. Invariant manifolds for random dynamical systems with slow and fast variables. Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations, 20(1):133–164, 2008.
5. ^C. Potzsche and M. Rasmussen. Computation of nonautonomous invariant and inertial manifolds. Numerische Mathematik, 112(3):449–483, 2009.
6. ^U.Maas and S. B. Pope. Simplifying chemical kinetics:intrinsic low-dimensional manifolds in composition space.Combustion and Flame, 88:239–264, 1992.
7. ^V. Bykov, I. Goldfarb, V. Goldshtein, and U. Maas. On a modified version of ILDM approach: asymptotic analysis based on integral manifolds. IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics, 71:359–382, 2006.
8. ^A. J. Roberts. The utility ofan invariant manifold description of the evolution of adynamical system. SIAM J. Math. Anal., 20:1447–1458, 1989. 
9. ^C. Foias, M. S. Jolly,I. G. Kevrekidis, G. R. Sell, and E. S. Titi. On thecomputation of inertial manifolds. Phys. Lett. A,131:433–436, 1988.[https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(88)90295-2]
10. ^A. J.Roberts. A holistic finite difference approach models lineardynamics consistently. Mathematics of Computation,72:247–262, 2003. 
11. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.maths.adelaide.edu.au/anthony.roberts/gencm.php | title=Construct centre manifolds of ordinary or delay differential equations (autonomous)}}

1 : Dynamical systems

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