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词条 Infant oral mutilation
释义

  1. Description

  2. Harm

  3. Geographic extent

  4. References

  5. External links

Infant oral mutilation (IOM) is the dangerous and sometimes fatal traditional or conventional dental malpractice that has been performed for decades in many areas of Africa and in underdeveloped countries.[1]

Description

Typically, a parent may take a sick child to a traditional healer, who will look in the child's mouth and attribute the illness to "tooth worms". The healer will point out the small, white, developing tooth buds as being "tooth worms", and then dig the "worms" out of the gums without anaesthesia using a non-sterile tool such as a hot or sharpened nail, a bicycle spoke, or a knitting needle.[2] The eye teeth are often the ones pointed out, as they are more prominent. The tooth buds are then shown to the parent, their small, milky appearance somewhat resembling worms.[3]

Harm

This practice inflicts pain and suffering on a child who may already be sick (or who may be teething), and in some cases it is carried out on a healthy child in a bid to prevent illness. The procedure may lead to shock, and loss of blood may lead to anaemia. The unhygienic methods can cause blood infections, tetanus, pass on HIV/AIDS, and can on occasion be fatal.[4] The underlying permanent tooth buds can be damaged or eradicated, causing malformations and long term crowding.[5] In addition, the existing illness may not receive the medical attention necessary.

Geographic extent

There is published evidence of IOM occurring in Chad,[6] D.R.Congo, Ethiopia,[7] Kenya,[8] Rwanda,[9] Somalia,[10] Sudan,[11] Tanzania[12] and Uganda.[4] It has also been observed in African immigrants now living in France,[6] Israel,[13] USA,[14] Australia,[15] Norway,[16] New Zealand [17] and the UK.[10][18] A Literature analysis of the above published papers with full references is available online.[19]

References

1. ^{{cite journal | last = Wordley | first = J | title = Infant oral mutilation | url = http://www.fdiworldental.org/sites/default/files/media/devdent0203_0.pdf | format = pdf | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | year = 2003 | journal = Developing Dentistry | pages = 19–20}}
2. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Ellis | first1 = J. | last2 = Arubaku | first2 = W. | doi = 10.1258/004947505774938701 | title = Complications from traditional tooth extraction in South-western Uganda | journal = Tropical Doctor | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 245–246 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16354490 | pmc = }}
3. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Abusinna | first1 = I. | title = Lugbara teeth germectomy of canines for the newborn babies. A magico-religious phenomena in some African tribes | journal = Egyptian dental journal | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 209–214 | year = 1979 | pmid = 299152}}
4. ^1 {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00625.x | last1 = Iriso | first1 = R. | last2 = Accorsi | first2 = S. | last3 = Akena | first3 = S. | last4 = Amone | first4 = J. | last5 = Fabiani | first5 = M. | last6 = Ferrarese | first6 = N. | last7 = Lukwiya | first7 = M. | last8 = Rosolen | first8 = T. | last9 = Declich | first9 = S. | title =  'Killer' canines: The morbidity and mortality of ebino in northern Uganda | journal = Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH | volume = 5 | issue = 10 | pages = 706–710 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11044265}}
5. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Welbury | first1 = R. | last2 = Nunn | first2 = J. | last3 = Gordon | first3 = P. | last4 = Green-Abate | first4 = C. | title = "Killer" canine removal and its sequelae in Addis Ababa | journal = Quintessence international (Berlin, Germany : 1985) | volume = 24 | issue = 5 | pages = 323–327 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8362046}}
6. ^1 {{Cite journal | last1 = Khonsari | first1 = R. H. | last2 = Corre | first2 = P. | last3 = Perrin | first3 = J. P. | last4 = Piot | first4 = B. | title = Orthodontic Consequences of Ritual Dental Mutilations in Northern Tchad | doi = 10.1016/j.joms.2008.06.098 | journal = Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | volume = 67 | issue = 4 | pages = 902–905 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19304055 | pmc = }}
7. ^Children’s teeth and their care. Document produced by NCTPE (National Committee of Traditional Practices of Ethiopia 1997
8. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Hassanali | first1 = J. | last2 = Amwayi | first2 = P. | last3 = Muriithi | first3 = A. | title = Removal of deciduous canine tooth buds in Kenyan rural Maasai | journal = East African medical journal | volume = 72 | issue = 4 | pages = 207–209 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7621751}}
9. ^{{cite journal | last = Benzian| first = H | title = World Dental Development Fund Rwanda Project Visit Report | url = http://www.fdiworldental.org/sites/default/files/media/devdent0203_0.pdf | format = pdf | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | year = 2003 | journal = Developing Dentistry | pages = 21–3}}
10. ^1 {{Cite journal | last1 = Rodd | first1 = H. | last2 = Davidson | first2 = L. | title = 'Ilko dacowo:' canine enucleation and dental sequelae in Somali children | journal = International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 290–297 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11310242}}
11. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = A/wahab | first1 = M. | title = Traditional practice as a cause of infant morbidity and mortality in Juba area (Sudan) | journal = Annals of Tropical Paediatrics | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 18–21 | year = 1987 | pmid = 2438998}}
12. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Matee | first1 = M. | last2 = Van Palenstein Helderman | first2 = W. | title = Extraction of 'nylon' teeth and associated abnormalities in Tanzanian children | journal = African Dental Journal | volume = 5 | pages = 21–25 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1819291}}
13. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Holan | first1 = G. | last2 = Mamber | first2 = E. | title = Extraction of primary canine tooth buds: Prevalence and associated dental abnormalities in a group of Ethiopian Jewish children | journal = International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–30 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7748844 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-263x.1994.tb00097.x}}
14. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Graham | first1 = E. | last2 = Domoto | first2 = P. | last3 = Lynch | first3 = H. | last4 = Egbert | first4 = M. | title = Dental injuries due to African traditional therapies for diarrhea | journal = The Western Journal of Medicine | volume = 173 | issue = 2 | pages = 135–137 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10924443 | pmc = 1071025}}
15. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Amailuk | first1 = P. | last2 = Grubor | first2 = D. | doi = 10.1038/bdj.2007.1184 | title = Erupted compound odontoma: Case report of a 15-year-old Sudanese boy with a history of traditional dental mutilation | journal = BDJ | volume = 204 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–14 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18192989 | pmc = }}
16. ^{{cite journal | last = Espelid | first = E |author2=Agnalt R | title = Removal of dental facilities in African folk medicine. (Translation from Norwegian) | journal = Nor Dental Tid | year = 2009 | volume = 119 | pages = 294–297}}
17. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = De Beavis | first1 = F. O. | last2 = Foster | first2 = A. C. | last3 = Fuge | first3 = K. N. | last4 = Whyman | first4 = R. A. | title = Infant oral mutilation: A New Zealand case series | journal = The New Zealand dental journal | volume = 107 | issue = 2 | pages = 57–59 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21721338}}
18. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Dewhurst | first1 = S. | last2 = Mason | first2 = C. | title = Traditional tooth bud gouging in a Ugandan family: A report involving three sisters | journal = International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 292–297 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11570446}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622093908/http://www.dentaid.org/resources/iommaterials|title=www.dentaid.org|date=22 June 2011|publisher=}}

External links

{{Portal|Dentistry}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006210958/http://www.dentaid.org/infant-oral-mutilation/ Infant oral mutilation] at the United Kingdom charity Dentaid

7 : Oral hygiene|Pediatrics|Traditional medicine|Health in Africa|Traditional African medicine|Mutilation|Children's rights
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