“Roy Walford”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Roy Lee Walford, M. D. (June 29, 1924 - April 27, 2004) was a pioneer in the field of caloric restriction. He died at age 79 of respiratory failure as a complication of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (commonly known as Lou Gehrig's or motor neurone disease). He was a leading advocate of calorie restriction as a method of life extension and health improvement.

Career highlights

Walford is credited with significantly furthering aging research by his discovery that laboratory mice, when fed a diet that restricted their caloric intake by 50% yet maintaining nutritional requirements, almost doubled their expected life span.

He received his medical degree from the University of Chicago in 1948. He completed his internship at Gorgas Hospital, Panama, and served his residency at the V.A. Medical Center in Los Angeles. He then served two years in the US Air Force during the Korean War.

Walford joined the faculty at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1954. He became a Professor of Pathology at the UCLA School of Medicine in 1966. He became Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emeritus, for UCLA, when he left to join the crew of Biosphere 2 in 1991.

In addition to his service at UCLA, he was an expert advisor in immunology for the World Health Organization from 1969 to 1984, was a senatorial delegate to the White House Conference on Aging in 1981, and a member of the National Institute on Aging.

Walford and his work were featured in print in dozens of articles in popular publications such as Omni, Discover, and Scientific American. During his life he also made dozens of featured appearances on various television shows.

Roulette winnings

In 1947, while on vacation during medical school, Walford and Albert Hibbs, a mathematics graduate student, used statistical analysis of biased roulette wheels to "break the bank" in Reno. They tracked the results of the spins, determined which wheels were biased, and then bet heavily on the ones which were unbalanced. The casinos eventually realized that Walford and his friend knew what they were doing and threw them out. A Life Magazine photographer captured the pair drinking milk and counting their chips in a photograph published in the December 8, 1947 issue.^[3] Their methods were also mentioned in the roulette book The Eudaemonic Pie by Thomas Bass. Different sources have the pair winning anywhere from $6,500^[3] to $42,000.^[4] The high end is more likely, as Walford was reputed to have paid for part of his medical school education and a house from his winnings. The pair also bought a yacht and sailed the Caribbean for over a year.

Gerontix

In 1981, Walford began a commercial collaboration with fellow researchers Richard Weindruch and Kathleen Yankee Hall, and her husband William Hall, a wealthy businessman. In her tribute after his death, Kathleen Hall wrote of Walford, "we both threw in a few thousand dollars and started a small business together."^[5] Incorporated in California as Gerontix, the company was to sell supplements intended to improve health and increase life span. The first Gerontix product was butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), with lysine and zinc, which was sold in capsules and marketed as a treatment for herpes. Motivated by the success of the bestselling book A Practical Scientific Approach, by Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw, the group intended to sell a package of products, called MaxiLife, which would capitalize on the release of Walford's book, Maximum Life Span. It was expected that Walford, a highly publicized researcher, would experience the same success as Pearson and Shaw. Before Walford's book was published and Gerontix started to manufacture its coordinated products, the manufacturer Twin Labs began to sell a single multi-ingredient supplement called MaxiLIFE. Despite the potential for trademark conflict, the Gerontix group elected to proceed with plans to use the name. Twin Labs brought suit against Gerontix for trademark infringement, which it won in 1984. Before the resolution of the lawsuit, the Gerontix MaxiLife^[6] products were brought to market and sold poorly, partly because of the lackluster sales of Walford's book. Lack of success in federal court and in health food stores led to the demise of Gerontix.

In Appendix B of Walford's Maximum Life Span he noted, "Additional additives, such as antioxidants and some of the other materials I've listed in Chapters 7 and 8, can be obtained from Gerontix Biological Research Products...,"^[7] but he did not disclose that he would profit from the sale of Gerontix products. The company's MaxiLife product brochure, which refers to Walford and his research, also makes no mention of his connection to Gerontix.^[6]

Biosphere 2

Walford was one of the eight “crew members” who were sealed inside Biosphere 2 where they lived from September 26, 1991 to September 26, 1993. Walford served as the crew's physician. During his stay in Biosphere 2, the crew found that they could not grow as much food as anticipated, so Walford convinced the crew to follow his calorie restriction diet.^[8] It is claimed that this action “produced dramatic weight loss and improved health.”^[9] Despite this, in November of the first year the crew decided to open a cache of emergency food supplies grown outside of the bubble to supplement their meager diets.^[10]

Caloric restriction and ALS

Walford's death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has provoked consideration about whether his practice of caloric restriction (CR) may have contributed to, or accelerated, his development of the disease. Research on a transgenic mouse model of ALS demonstrates that CR may hasten the onset of death in ALS. Hamadeh et al. therefore concluded, "These results suggest that CR diet is not a protective strategy for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and hence is contraindicated."^[11] Hamadeh et al. also note two human studies^[12] that show "low energy intake correlates with death in people with ALS." However, in the first study, Slowie, Paige, and Antel state, "The reduction in energy intake by ALS patients did not correlate with the proximity of death but rather was a consistent aspect of the illness." They conclude, "ALS patients have a chronically deficient intake of energy and recommended augmentation of energy intake."^[12]

Previously, Pedersen and Mattson found that in the ALS mouse model, CR "accelerates the clinical course" of the disease and had no benefits.^[13] Suggesting that a calorically dense diet may slow ALS, a ketogenic diet in the ALS mouse model has been shown to slow the progress of disease.^[14] More recently, Mattson et al. opine that the death by ALS of Roy Walford, a pioneer in CR research and its antiaging effects, may have been a result of his own practice of CR.^[15] However, as Mattson et al. acknowledge, Walford's single case is insufficient to establish the proposed a cause-effect relation.

Walford himself speculated that his disease may have been caused by the combination of chronic hypoxia and exposure to carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide in Biosphere 2.^[16]

Life's end

According to Walford's friend and colleague, Kathleen Hall, his diagnosis of ALS came as a result of her urging him to see a physician when she noticed "the strangeness in Roy's gait."^[5] She says that before his death Walford "continued writing, taking courses on film production. He had me all over New York and in Dallas for just the right production shots." Meanwhile, Hall remembers that "Roy and I together with his daughter, Lisa, and his friends exhausted all the literature, looking for a cure, a solution. I found myself scouting the alleys of Chinatown in New York searching out a particular mushroom, looking for the best grass to help him through the pain."^[5] Even before developing ALS, Walford was no stranger to "grass." In his book Eternity Soup: Inside the Quest to End Aging, Greg Critser says that Walford's "consumption of marijuana was legendary."^[17]

120-Year Diet

In 1986, Walford authored the book The 120 Year Diet: How to Double Your Vital Years, which advocated a calorie-restricted diet known as the CRON-diet.^[18]^[19] He argued for a "high/low'" diet (high in nutrition, low in calories) to increase longevity.^[20] It was negatively reviewed by Fredrick J. Stare in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, who described the book as "pseudoscientific and very profuse".^[21]

Walford also authored Beyond the 120 Year Diet: How to Double Your Vital Years in 2000. Walford wrote that the CRON-diet "will retard your rate of ageing, extend lifespan (up to perhaps 150 to 160 years, depending on when you start and how thoroughly you hold to it), and markedly decrease susceptibility to most major diseases."^[19]

Published works

Walford authored several books, and set out his dietary beliefs in the bestseller Beyond the 120-Year Diet. In addition, he published at least 340 scientific papers, mainly focused on the biology of aging.

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Roy L Walford|url=http://people.healthsciences.ucla.edu/institution/personnel?personnel_id=47144|publisher=David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA|accessdate=February 13, 2015}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Longevity|url=http://www.fondation-ipsen.org/en/colloques-prizes-publications/longevity/|publisher=Fondation IPSEN|accessdate=February 13, 2015}}
3. ^¹{{cite magazine|title=How to Win $6,500 - Two student theoreticians invent system for beating roulette wheel |magazine=Life Magazine |date=December 8, 1947 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlIEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA46&vq=walford&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false | accessdate=May 18, 2016 }}
4. ^{{cite newspaper | title=Roy Walford, 79; Eccentric UCLA Scientist Touted Food Restriction | date=May 1, 2004 | author=Maugh, Thomas H. II |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2004/may/01/local/me-walford1 |accessdate=May 18, 2016}}
5. ^¹²Definition of a Mentor, by Kathleen Hall. http://www.walford.com/html/khall.html. Accessed July 21, 2013.
6. ^¹https://www.scribd.com/doc/109417798/Gerontix-Maxilife-Literature
7. ^https://www.scribd.com/doc/155167124/Appendix-B-Maximum-Life-Span-by-Roy-Walford
8. ^{{cite web|last=Turner |first=Christopher |url=http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/41/turner.php |title=Ingestion / Planet in a Bottle|publisher=Cabinet Magazine |date=Spring 2011 |accessdate=2011-10-20}}
9. ^Life Extension Magazine, October 2004, retrieved September 28, 2005
10. ^The Human Experiment: Two Years and Twenty Minutes Inside Bisophere 2. Poynter, p. 247.
11. ^Hamadeh, Mazen J.; Rodriguez, M. Christine; Kaczor, Jan J.; Tarnopolsky, Mark A. (2005). "Caloric restriction transiently improves motor performance but hastens clinical onset of disease in the Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase mutant G93A mouse". Muscle & Nerve 31(2): 214–20. {{doi|10.1002/mus.20255}}. {{PMID|15625688}}.
12. ^¹Kasarskis, Edward J; Berryman, Susan; Vanderleest, Jennifer G; Schneider, Andrew R; McClain, Craig J (1996). "Nutritional status of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: relation to the proximity of death". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63 (1): 130–7. {{PMID|8604660}}.
13. ^Pedersen, WA; Mattson, MP (1999). "No benefit of dietary restriction on disease onset or progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase mutant mice". Brain Research 833 (1): 117–20. {{doi|10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01471-7}}. {{PMID|10375685}}.
14. ^Zhao, Zhong; Lange, Dale J; Voustianiouk, Andrei; MacGrogan, Donal; Ho, Lap; Suh, Jason; Humala, Nelson; Thiyagarajan, Meenakshisundaram et al. (2006). "A ketogenic diet as a potential novel therapeutic intervention in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".BMC Neuroscience 7: 29. {{doi|10.1186/1471-2202-7-29}}. {{PMC|1488864}}. {{PMID|16584562}}.
15. ^Mattson, MP; Cutler, RG; Camandola, S (2007). "Energy intake and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis".Neuromolecular medicine 9 (1): 17–20 {{doi|10.1385/NMM:9:1:17}}. {{PMID|17114821}}.
16. ^{{Cite journal | pmid = 15077246| year = 2004| author1 = Lassinger| first1 = B. K.| title = Atypical parkinsonism and motor neuron syndrome in a Biosphere 2 participant: A possible complication of chronic hypoxia and carbon monoxide toxicity?| journal = Movement Disorders| volume = 19| issue = 4| pages = 465–9| last2 = Kwak| first2 = C| last3 = Walford| first3 = R. L.| last4 = Jankovic| first4 = J| doi = 10.1002/mds.20076}}
17. ^{{Google books |id=5ikIgPLoM7IC |page=47 |title=Eternity Soup: Inside the Quest to End Aging }}
18. ^Gumbel, Andrew. (2004). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/diet-guru-who-tried-to-live-for-ever-bequeaths-spartan-regime-58978.html "Diet guru who tried to live for ever bequeaths spartan regime"]. The Independent. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
19. ^¹Turner, Christopher. (2010). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/7898775/The-Calorie-Restriction-dieters.html "The Calorie Restriction dieters"]. The Telegraph. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
20. ^[https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-671-46677-0 "The 120-Year Diet: How to Double Your Vital Years"]. Publishers Weekly. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
21. ^Stare, Frederick J. (1987). [https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/45/6/1549/4694454?redirectedFrom=fulltext The 120 Year Diet—How to Double Your Vital Years]. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45 (6): 1549.
22. ^Dr. Roy Walford: Gerontologist, Artist, Biospheran biography web page