| 词条 | Intelsat headquarters |
| 释义 |
| name = 3400 International Drive | native_name = | native_name_lang = | former_names = | alternate_names = Intelsat Headquarters | status = | image = Intelsat Headquarters side by Matthew Bisanz.jpg | image_alt = Pod intersection in an atrium at the Intelsat Headquarters | image_size = 200 | caption = Intersection of two pods at an atrium | map_type = | map_alt = | map_caption = | altitude = | building_type = Corporate headquarters | architectural_style = High-tech | structural_system = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = | current_tenants = Intelsat | landlord = | location = | address = 3400 International Drive, NW | location_town = Washington | location_country = | coordinates = {{coord|38.9425|N|77.063333|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline,title}} | groundbreaking_date = July 20, 1982 | start_date = | completion_date = 1984, 1988 | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | renovation_date = | demolition_date = | destruction_date = | height = | architectural = | tip = | antenna_spire = | roof = | top_floor = | observatory = | other_dimensions = 14 pods[1] | floor_count = 7 | floor_area = {{convert|917000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}[2] | seating_type = | seating_capacity = | elevator_count = | main_contractor = | architect = John Andrews[3] | architecture_firm = John Andrews International and Notter Finegold & Alexander | structural_engineer = | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = Richard Strong[4] | other_designers = | quantity_surveyor = | awards = | designations = | ren_architect = | ren_firm = | ren_str_engineer = | ren_serv_engineer = | ren_civ_engineer = | ren_oth_designers = | ren_qty_surveyor = | ren_awards = | parking = | url = | embedded = | references = }} 3400 International Drive (also known as Intelsat Headquarters) is an office complex in the North Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington, D.C. by the Van Ness metro station designed by the Australian architect John Andrews[5] and built by Gilbane Building Company. Formerly used as the U.S. headquarters of the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat), it is known for its futuristic, high-tech architecture. StructureJohn Andrews won the 1980 International Union of Architects international competition to design the complex.[6] The competition had taken place in 1979 with nearly 100 firms from 23 countries competing for the contract to design the complex.[7][8] Ground was broken on the project on July 20, 1982 in a rather unusual manner.[8] Using a network of four satellites and five earth stations, a signal was radioed around the world two times before it triggered a pre-set explosion at the building site.[8] The complex was built in two phases, with Phase I being completed first in 1984 and Phase II following in 1988.[9] While Andrews' contribution was positively cited as that of a creative professional,[10] the project was marred by the embezzlement of five million dollars by Intelsat's director general and deputy.[11] The complex consists of fourteen interconnected rectangular "pods" clustered in groups of four around taller glass and stainless steel atria.[8] The circular stairwells external to the pods are constructed of glass bricks and concrete.[12] Unusual for the time, the design incorporated environmentally conscious elements that contribute to energy efficiency, such as the use of tinted-glass sunscreens and the open-air atria that admit sunlight while reflecting direct sun.[8] Also, the complex incorporates interior and exterior water features for cooling and terraced roof gardens to complement the large trees preserved by the site plan.[8] While the building is {{convert|917000|sqft|m2}}, only {{convert|546000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} is usable office space, with the remainder being taken up by the lengthy corridor down the center of the building, the atria, and other public spaces.[18] Intelsat was the initial occupant, but after its privatization in 1999[13] and its later mergers with PanAmSat, COMSAT and parts of Loral,[14] its continued presence at the site has been uncertain.[15] This is partially as it is looking for a smaller complex.[16] The embassies of Cameroon, Honduras, and Monaco are currently housed in the building. Other occupants have included the embassies of Belize, Botswana, and Swaziland and WJLA Channel 7.[17] ReceptionAndrews said his design expressed "a spirit of openness, of optimism, of faith in cooperation between peoples and groups of people, and the use of modern technology."[7] However, since its construction, reception has been mixed. Some consider it "a Connecticut Avenue landmark and a must-see for futurists touring the nation’s capital"[18] because of its unique high-tech design and energy efficiency.[19] Early in its existence, it was noted as being a positive repudiation of architectural conservatism,[12] however, its style was not duplicated and therefore it stands out from the surrounding city.[20] Other critics also note that it does not interact well with the surrounding buildings and add that it can be difficult for visitors to find the entrance given its odd shape and placement.[4] {{As of|2005}} it had been studied by the Historic Preservation Section of the D.C. Office of Planning as a potential landmark of Modern architecture,[21] but a 2011 architectural-historical review of the area as part of the University of the District of Columbia's student center construction planning found that Intelsat was not old enough for landmark status and was a "visual shock" to the neighborhood, given its arguably inappropriate design and sitting for an urban area.[22] The review did indicate that this opinion could change as the building aged further.[12] References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.showcase.com/property/3400-International-Drive-NW/Washington/District-of-Columbia/129330 |title=3400 International Drive NW - INTELSAT Bldg |author=CBRE |date=November 28, 2011 |format=PDF |work=Showcase.com |publisher=CoStar Realty Information, Inc. |accessdate=May 15, 2012}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/906284/000119312511349171/d253228ds4.htm#tx253228_10 |title=Form S-4 Registration Statement Under The Securities Act of 1933: Intelsat Jackson Holdings S.A. |first=Phillip L. |last=Spector |date=December 21, 2011 |work=EDGAR |publisher=Intelsat S.A. |accessdate=May 15, 2012}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/989659 |title=Portrait of John Andrews examining a model of the proposed Intelsat building with his partners, Mr John Simpson, centre, and Mr Peter Courtney, 1980 |last=Maccol |first=Robert |author2=Australian Information Service |year=1980 |format=photograph |publisher=National Library of Australia |accessdate=May 15, 2012}} 4. ^1 {{cite news |title=New and Old Monumental Sights |first=Sam Hall |last=Kaplan |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-06-09/realestate/re-10102_1_latest-monument |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=June 9, 1985 |accessdate=May 12, 2012}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.architecturemedia.com/aa/aaissue.php?issueid=200005&article=11 |title=Flashback: John Andrews in America |first=Philip |last=Drew |date= May–June 2000 |work=Architecture Australia |publisher=Architecture Media |accessdate=May 15, 2012}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.uia-architectes.org/texte/england/Menu-3/2-1975-1995.html |title=International Competitions Approved by the UIA Between 1975 and 1995 |work=International Competitions |publisher=International Union of Architects |accessdate=May 15, 2012}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.foodandwineaccess.com/events/event6.html |title=10th Annual Wine Expo |publisher=Australia America Association |date=October 23, 1999 |work=Food and Wine Access |accessdate=May 15, 2012}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal |last=Kollist |first=Ingrid |year=1982 |title=Ground Broken for Intelsat Headquarters |journal=COMSAT |volume=10 |page=6 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Communications Satellite Corporation |editor1-first=Stephen A. |editor1-last=Saft |format=PDF |accessdate=May 15, 2012 |url=http://www.comara.org/legacy/comsat_magazine/COMSAT_Magazine_10.pdf}} 9. ^{{cite news |title=Grand Jury Probes Intelsat Payments |author=Cox News Service |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1987-04-20/news/0120300202_1_intelsat-alegrett-colino |newspaper=Orlando Sentinel |publisher=Tribune Publishing |date=April 20, 1987 |accessdate=May 12, 2012}} 10. ^{{cite news |title=Andrews uses the logic of a workman |first=Norman |last=Day |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TANVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=X5QDAAAAIBAJ&dq=intelsat%20john-andrews&pg=1908%2C3287646 |newspaper=The Age |page=10 |date=April 7, 1982 |accessdate=May 12, 2012}} 11. ^{{cite news |title=Satellite Group Report: $5M Diverted |first=Elizabeth |last=Tucker |url=http://alb.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5404679 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 19, 1987 |page=1A |accessdate=May 12, 2012}} 12. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.aia.org/practicing/AIAB094455 |title=Curious Capital Architecture: Unusual Buildings of the District of Columbia |first=John |last=Deferrari |date=May 11, 2012 |work=AIArchitect |publisher=The American Institute of Architects |accessdate=May 15, 2012}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://yellowpages.aol.com/business/dc/washington/intelsat-global-svc-corp/0-102197490/?query=Special+Interest+Libraries&fromSearch=%26query%3DSpecial+Interest+Libraries%26area%3DBethesda%2C+MD&area=Bethesda%2C+MD |title=Intelsat Global Svc Corp |first=Jacqueline |last=Conciatore |year=2010 |work=Aol Yellow Pages |publisher=AOL Inc. |accessdate=May 15, 2012}} 14. ^{{cite news |title=Sweet Deals Buried Intelsat in Debt |first=Steven |last=Pearlstein |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/17/AR2006081701578.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=August 18, 2006 |accessdate=May 12, 2012}} 15. ^{{cite news |title=Intelsat weighing D.C.-area relocation |first=Daniel J. |last=Sernovitz |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2012/03/26/intelsat-weighing-dc-area-relocation.html |newspaper=Washington Business Journal |date=March 26, 2012 |publisher=American City Business Journals |accessdate=May 12, 2012}} 16. ^{{cite news |title=Intelsat in the market for space, again |first=Daniel J. |last=Sernovitz |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/blog/2012/03/intelsat-in-the-market-again.html |newspaper=Washington Business Journal |date=March 27, 2012 |publisher=American City Business Journals |accessdate=May 12, 2012}} 17. ^1 {{cite news |title=Intelsat Building attracts secret plans for its future |first=Tim |last=Mazzucca |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2005/12/05/story4.html?page=all |newspaper=Washington Business Journal |date=December 5, 2005 |publisher=American City Business Journals |accessdate=May 12, 2012}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.reallyrocketscience.com/node/300 |title=Intelsat Building for Sale |first=Andrew |last=Tytla |date=August 21, 2006 |work=Really Rocket Science |accessdate=May 15, 2012}} 19. ^{{cite book |last1=Stanton |first1=Meredith |editor1-first=Alexia |editor1-last=Travaglini |title=Frommer's Washington D.C. Day by Day |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzNl0eHJokAC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=intelsat+%22John+Andrews%22&source=bl&ots=-1pdpLF257&sig=ihm3fEOsod1mMj3NH0oi72mpn6s&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mXCwT8v_NcWW6AHG1fnICA&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=intelsat%20%22John%20Andrews%22&f=false |format= |accessdate=May 15, 2012 |type=guidebook |edition=Second |date=November 2, 2009 |publisher=Wiley Publishing, Inc. |location=Hoboken |isbn=978-0470497609 |oclc=646833916 |page=43}} 20. ^{{cite news |title=Urban Squeeze On the Avenue |first=Benjamin |last=Forgey |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/2000-01/22/015r-012200-idx.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=January 22, 2000 |page=C01 |accessdate=May 12, 2012}} 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.montgomeryplanningboard.org/meetings_archive/05_meeting_archive/agenda_070705/item13_070705_opt.pdf |format=PDF |title=Worksession on Public Hearing (Preliminary) Draft Amendment to the Approved and Adopted Master Plan for Historic Preservation: COMSAT LAboratories, 22300 Comsat Drive, Clarksburg |first=Gwen |last=Wright |author2=Sue Edwards |date=July 1, 2005 |type=letter |publisher=The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission |accessdate=May 15, 2012}} 22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ncpc.gov/files/projects/UDC_Student_Center_SHPO_review_11_4_11.pdf |title=University of the District of Columbia Student Center |first=Anne H. |last=Adams |date=October 6, 2011 |publisher=Goulston & Storrs |format=PDF |type=letter |accessdate=May 15, 2012}} 5 : Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.|Office buildings completed in 1984|Office buildings completed in 1988|Headquarters in the United States|1984 establishments in Washington, D.C. |
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