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词条 InterACT
释义

  1. History and structure

  2. Advocacy

     Physical integrity and bodily autonomy   Reparations   M.C. v. Aaronson case  Youth leadership development  Media work  Language 

  3. Interface Project

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{lowercase title}}{{other uses|Interact (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox organization
| name = interACT
| native_name = Advocates for Intersex Youth
| formerly = Advocates for Informed Choice
| logo = AICLogo-transparent.png
| logo_size = 82px
| alt = Logo of Advocates for Informed Choice
| founded_date = {{start date and age|2006}}
| founder = Anne Tamar-Mattis
| headquarters = Sudbury, Massachusetts, U.S.[1]
| coordinates = {{coords|42.361916|-71.416715|display= inline, title}}
| leader_name = Kimberly Zieselman
| leader_title = Executive Director
| leader_name2 = Anne Tamar-Mattis
| leader_title2 = Legal Director
| area_served = United States
| tax_id = 27-2947576[1]
| purpose = To advocate for the civil rights of children born with variations of reproductive or sexual anatomy
| status = 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization[2]
| employees = 7[1]
| employees_year = 2016
| volunteers = 57[1]
| volunteers_year = 2016
| revenue = $233,756[1]
| revenue_year = 2016
| expenses = $295,886[1]
| expenses_year = 2016
| website = {{URL|http://www.interactadvocates.org}}
}}Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth,[3] is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children born with intersex traits. The organization was founded in 2006[9] and formally incorporated on April 12, 2010.[4]

History and structure

interACT was founded in 2006 in Cotati, California.[5][6] The organization is now based in Sudbury, Massachusetts. The board of directors includes Arlene Baratz, MD, Georgiann Davis, Emily Doskow, JD, Julie Greenberg, JD, Eric Lohman, Lynnell Stephani Long, Mani Mitchell, Karen Walsh, and Reid Williams.[7] Staff members include Kimberly Zieselman, JD,[8] Executive Director, and Anne Tamar-Mattis, JD, Legal Director.

Advocacy

interACT uses innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children born with intersex traits, including media work and the development of youth leadership, in addition to strategic litigation. Issues of focus are informed consent, insurance, identity documents, school accommodation, discrimination, medical records retrieval, adoption, military service, medical privacy, refugee asylum, and wider international human rights.[9][10][11]

Physical integrity and bodily autonomy

In 2014, following testimony by then staff member Pidgeon Pagonis, Anne Tamar-Mattis was published on medical interventions as torture in healthcare settings, in a book by the Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law at American University Washington College of Law.[12] In 2016, the United Nations Committee Against Torture asked the United States government to comment on reports of intersex medical interventions on infants and children, following submission of a report by interACT.[13][14] As part of its submission, interACT stated that it is "unaware of any jurisdiction in the U.S. that enforces its own FGM laws in cases where the girl undergoing clitoral cutting has an intersex trait".[15]

In July 2017, Human Rights Watch and interACT published a major report on medically unnecessary surgeries on intersex children, "I Want to Be Like Nature Made Me", based on interviews with intersex persons, families and physicians.[22][23] The report found that "Intersex people in the United States are subjected to medical practices that can inflict irreversible physical and psychological harm on them starting in infancy, harms that can last throughout their lives."[24] The report calls for a ban on "surgical procedures that seek to alter the gonads, genitals, or internal sex organs of children with atypical sex characteristics too young to participate in the decision, when those procedures both carry a meaningful risk of harm and can be safely deferred."[16][17][18]

Reparations

M.C. v. Aaronson case

On May 14, 2013, interACT, The Southern Poverty Law Center, and pro bono counsel for the private law firms of Janet, Jenner & Suggs and Steptoe & Johnson LLP filed a lawsuit against South Carolina Department of Social Services (SCDSS), Greenville Health System, Medical University of South Carolina and individual employees for performing an irreversible and medically unnecessary surgery on an infant who was in the state's care at the time of the surgery.[19][20][21][22][23][24]

The defendants sought to dismiss the case and seek a defense of qualified immunity, but these were denied by the District Court for the District of South Carolina. In January 2015, the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed this decision and dismissed the complaint, stating that, "it did not 'mean to diminish the severe harm that M.C. claims to have suffered' but that a reasonable official in 2006 did not have fair warning from then-existing precedent that performing sex assignment surgery on sixteen-month-old M.C. violated a clearly established constitutional right."[25] The Court did not rule on whether or not the surgery violated M.C.'s constitutional rights.[26] State suits were subsequently filed.[25] In July 2017, it was reported that the case had been settled out of court by the Medical University of South Carolina for $440,000, without admission of liability.[27]

Youth leadership development

interACT Youth[28] is a program for intersex youth, run by intersex youth. All members between 14 and 25 years old, have intersex traits, and are in a place where they are ready to speak out about their experiences. interACT Youth works to provide tomorrow's scholars and activists a platform for their vital perspectives. A product of this work entitled "What We Wish Our Doctors Knew"[29] was the first of its kind: Intersex youth talking back to medical providers and caregivers. InterACT Youth is funded in part by Ms. Foundation and Liberty Hill Foundation.

In 2013, the then youth leadership coordinator,[30] Pidgeon Pagonis, testified for interACT before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights about the medical interventions they were subjected to as an intersex child,[31] alongside Latin Americans Mauro Cabral, Natasha Jiménez and Paula Machado.[32]

Media work

interACT has worked with MTV on the program Faking It, notable for providing the first intersex main character in a television show,[33] and television's first intersex character played by an intersex actor.[34] In 2017, interACT began working with Belgian-born model Hanne Gaby Odiele to tackle social taboos and unnecessary surgeries.[35][36]

interACT published a media guide on covering intersex issues in January 2017.[37]

Language

Having historically used the current clinical terminology of disorders of sex development, interACT issued a strong statement favoring the term intersex in 2016, citing increasing acceptance and public awareness.[38]

Interface Project

The Interface Project is a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) nonprofit operating under the fiscal sponsorship of interACT. Founded in 2012, and currently curated by Jim Ambrose, The Interface Project features stories of people born with intersex traits - or variations of sex anatomy - under the banner: No Body Is Shameful ®.[39]

See also

  • Intersex human rights
  • Intersex rights in the United States

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 "[https://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2016/272/947/2016-272947576-0e7ff632-9.pdf Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax]". Advocates for Informed Choice dba interACT. Guidestar. December 31, 2016.
2. ^"[https://apps.irs.gov/app/eos/pub78Search.do?ein1=27-2947576&names=&city=&state=All...&country=US&deductibility=all&dispatchMethod=searchCharities&submitName=Search Advocates for Informed Choice]". Exempt Organizations Select Check. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
3. ^{{Cite web|title = Mission and History |url = http://interactadvocates.org/about-us/mission-history/ |website = interACT |date = 2016|access-date = February 6, 2016 }}
4. ^"[https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/Detail C3290401 Advocates for Informed Choice]". Business Search. Office of the Secretary of State of California. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
5. ^1 {{cite web|title = AIC's Mission|url = http://aiclegal.org/who-we-are/mission/|accessdate = 22 May 2013|website = aiclegal.org}}
6. ^{{Cite web|title = Resolve: Healing the Legacy of Intersex/DSD Treatment|url = https://www.changemakers.com/empower-patient/entries/resolve-healing-legacy-intersexdsd-treatment|website = Innovators for the Public |date = 2012}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url = http://interactadvocates.org/board/ |title = Our Board of Directors|date = |accessdate = February 6, 2016 |website = interACT |publisher = |last = |first = }}
8. ^{{Cite web|url = http://aiclegal.org/aic-announces-e-d-transition-staff-changes/|title = AIC announces transition & staff changes|date = July 8, 2014|accessdate = July 8, 2014|website = Advocates for Informed Choice Blog|publisher = Advocates for Informed Choice|last = |first = }}
9. ^{{cite web|title=AIC: What we do|url=http://aiclegal.org/what-we-do/in-the-community|accessdate= May 23, 2013}}
10. ^{{cite press release |last=Tamar-Mattis |first=Anne |title=Report to the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture: Medical Treatment of People with Intersex Conditions as Torture and Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment |trans-title=|language= |date=December 10, 2012 |publisher=AIC |location= |url=http://aiclegal.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/AIC-Testimony-to-the-United-Nations-Special-Rapporteur-on-Torture_December-2012.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=May 23, 2013 }}
11. ^{{Cite web|title = Sterilization and Minors with Intersex Conditions in California Law|url = http://www.californialawreview.org/sterilization-and-minors-with-intersex-conditions-in-california-law/|website = California Law Review|date = April 19, 2012|last = Tamar-Mattis|first = Anne}}
12. ^{{Cite book| publisher = Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law| pages = 91–104 | editor1 = Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law | editor2 = Washington College of Law | editor3 = American University | last = Tamar-Mattis| first = Anne| title = Torture in Healthcare Settings: Reflections on the Special Rapporteur on Torture's 2013 Thematic Report| chapter = Medical Treatment of People with intersex conditions as Torture and cruel, inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment| location = Washington, D.C.| date = 2014| chapterurl = http://antitorture.org/torture-in-healthcare-publication/| accessdate = May 20, 2016 }}
13. ^{{Cite web| last = interACT| title = Recommendations from interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth regarding the List of Issues for the United States for the 59th Session of the Committee Against Torture| date = June 2016| url = http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CAT/Shared%20Documents/USA/INT_CAT_ICS_USA_24552_E.pdf}}
14. ^{{Cite web| last1 = United Nations| last2 = Committee against Torture| title = List of issues prior to submission of the sixth periodic report of the United States of America| date = December 2016| url = http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2fC%2fUSA%2fQPR%2f6&Lang=en}}
15. ^{{Cite conference|last=interACT|title=Recommendations from interACT: Advocates for Intersex Youth regarding the List of Issues for the United States for the 59th Session of the Committee Against Torture|date=June 2016|url=http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CAT/Shared%20Documents/USA/INT_CAT_ICS_USA_24552_E.pdf}}
16. ^1 {{Cite book| isbn = 978-1-62313-502-7| last1 = Human Rights Watch| author1-link = Human Rights Watch | last2 = interACT | author2-link = Interact Advocates for Intersex Youth | title = "I Want to Be Like Nature Made Me"| date = July 2017| url = https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/07/25/i-want-be-nature-made-me/medically-unnecessary-surgeries-intersex-children-us}}
17. ^1 {{Cite web| last = Stewart| first = Philippa| title = Interview: Intersex Babies Don't Need 'Fixing' | work = Human Rights Watch| accessdate = July 25, 2017 | date = July 25, 2017 | url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/25/interview-intersex-babies-dont-need-fixing}}
18. ^1 {{Cite web| last = Human Rights Watch| title = US: Harmful Surgery on Intersex Children| work = Human Rights Watch| accessdate = July 25, 2017 | date = July 25, 2017 | url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/25/us-harmful-surgery-intersex-children}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=AIC's Groundbreaking Lawsuit Accuses South Carolina, Doctors and Hospitals of Performing Unnecessary Surgery on Infant|url=http://aiclegal.org/programs/project-integrity/|publisher=Advocates for Informed Choice|accessdate=22 May 2013}}
20. ^{{cite news|title=Groundbreaking SPLC lawsuit accuses South Carolina, doctors and hospitals of unnecessary surgery on infant|url=http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/world-our-backyard/2013/may/18/adoptive-parents-sue-over-sons-sex-assignment-surg/|accessdate=May 22, 2013|newspaper=Southern Poverty Law Center|date= May 14, 2013}}
21. ^{{cite news|last=Sesana|first=Laura|title=Adoptive parents sue over son's sex-assignment surgery|url=http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/world-our-backyard/2013/may/18/adoptive-parents-sue-over-sons-sex-assignment-surg/|accessdate=May 22, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Times|date= May 18, 2013}}
22. ^Daily Kos: Sex change surgery performed on 16-month-old South Carolina child without consent
23. ^Lawsuit Filed Over Unnecessary Surgery on Intersex Baby | Advocate.com
24. ^Hospital Sued For Performing Unneeded Sex-Assignment Surgery on Baby {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606223129/http://gawker.com/hospital-sued-for-performing-unneeded-sex-assignment-su-505780577 |date=June 6, 2013 }}
25. ^1 {{cite web| url = http://blogs.harvard.edu/billofhealth/2015/03/05/m-c-v-aaronson-update/ | title = M.C. v. Aaronson | first = Emily | last = Largent | work = Petrie-Flom Center, Harvard Law | date = March 5, 2015}}
26. ^{{Cite web| last = interACT| authorlink = Interact Advocates for Intersex Youth | title = Update on M.C.'s Case – The Road to Justice can be Long, but there is more than one path for M.C.| accessdate = February 18, 2017 | date = January 27, 2015| url = http://interactadvocates.org/update-on-the-m-c-case-the-road-to-justice-can-be-long/}}
27. ^{{Cite web| last = Ghorayshi| first = Azeen| title = A Landmark Lawsuit About An Intersex Baby's Genital Surgery Just Settled For $440,000| work = BuzzFeed| accessdate = July 28, 2017 | date = July 27, 2017 | url = https://www.buzzfeed.com/azeenghorayshi/intersex-surgery-lawsuit-settles}}
28. ^{{Cite web|url = http://interactyouth.org/|title = interACT Youth |date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}
29. ^http://aiclegal.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/interact_ms-updated.pdf
30. ^{{cite web|author1=Hilary Weaver|title=Meet Chicago's White-House-Honored Intersex Activist, Pidgeon Pagonis|url=http://www.papermag.com/meet-chicagos-white-house-honored-intersex-activist-pidgeon-pagonis-1967101092.html|website=Paper|accessdate=January 8, 2017|date=August 10, 2016}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=The Pursuit of Happiness in Our Original Beautiful Bodies: Pidgeon Pagonis' Recent Testimony before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights|url=http://interactadvocates.org/the-pursuit-of-happiness-in-our-original-beautiful-bodies-pidgeon-pagonis-recent-testimony-before-the-inter-american-commission-on-human-rights/|website=interACT|accessdate=January 8, 2017|date=April 8, 2013}}
32. ^{{Cite|publisher=Inter-American Commission on Human Rights|last=Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos|title=Violencia contra Personas Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales, Trans e Intersex en América|date=November 2015|url=http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/informes/pdfs/ViolenciaPersonasLGBTI.pdf|authorlink=Inter-American Commission on Human Rights}}
33. ^{{Cite web|title= Meet television's groundbreaking intersex character |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/louispeitzman/meet-televisions-groundbreaking-intersex-character|website=Buzzfeed }}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/faking-it-intersex/04/2016/|title="Faking It" Breaks New Ground With First Intersex Actor To Play Intersex Character On TV|website=New Now Next|access-date= April 5, 2016}}
35. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/01/23/model-hanne-gaby-odiele-reveals-she-intersex/96622908/ | title = Model Hanne Gaby Odiele reveals she is intersex | last = Miller | first = Susan | work = USA Today | date = January 23, 2017}}
36. ^{{cite web | url = http://interactadvocates.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/PRESSRELEASE-HannesAnnouncement.pdf | title = International Fashion Model Hanne Gaby Odiele Reveals She is Intersex: Announces Partnership with interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth to Raise Awareness About the Importance of Human Rights Protections for Intersex People Worldwide | work = interACT | date = January 23, 2017}}
37. ^{{Cite| last = interACT| title = Media Guide, Covering the Intersex Community| date = January 2017| url = http://interactadvocates.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/INTERSEX-MEDIAGUIDE-interACT.pdf}}
38. ^{{Cite web| last = interACT| title = interACT Statement on Intersex Terminology| work = interACT| date = May 2016| url = http://interactadvocates.org/interact-statement-on-intersex-terminology/}}
39. ^{{Cite web|title = The Interface Project|url = http://www.interfaceproject.org/|website = The Interface Project|year = 2012}}

External links

  • {{official website|http://www.interactadvocates.org}}

11 : 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations|Non-profit organizations based in the San Francisco Bay Area|Intersex rights organizations|Legal advocacy organizations in the United States|Bioethics|Civil rights organizations in the United States|2006 establishments in California|Intersex medical and health organizations|Intersex support groups|Intersex rights in the United States|Intersex rights in North America
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