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词条 Intermediate-term memory
释义

  1. Characteristics

  2. Mechanism

      Induction  

  3. Comparison with short-term/working memory

  4. Comparison with long-term memory

  5. Age-related decline in intermediate-term memory

  6. References

Intermediate-term memory (ITM) is a stage of memory distinct from sensory memory, working memory/short-term memory, and long-term memory.[1][2] While sensory memory persists for several milliseconds, working memory persists for up to thirty seconds, and long-term memory persists from thirty minutes to the end of an individual's life, intermediate-term memory persists for about two to three hours.[3] This overlap in the durations of these memory processes indicates that they occur simultaneously, rather than sequentially. Indeed, intermediate-term facilitation can be produced in the absence of long-term facilitation.[4] However, the boundaries between these forms of memory are not clear-cut, and they can vary depending on the task.[5] Intermediate-term memory is thought to be supported by the parahippocampal cortex.[6]

In 1993, Rosenzweig and colleagues demonstrated that, in rats conditioned with an aversive stimulus, percent avoidance of the stimulus (and, by implication, memory of the aversive nature of the stimulus) reached relative minima at one minute, fifteen minutes, and sixty minutes.[7] These dips were theorized to correspond to the time points in which the rats switched from working memory to intermediate-term memory, from intermediate-term memory to the early phase of long-term memory, and from the early phase of long-term memory to the late phase of long-term memory, respectively—thus demonstrating the presence of a form of memory that exists between working memory and long-term memory, which they referred to as "intermediate-term memory".

Though the idea of intermediate-term memory has existed since the 1990s, Sutton et al. introduced a novel theory for the neural correlates underlying intermediate-term memory in Aplysia in 2001, where they described it as the primary behavioral manifestation of intermediate-term facilitation.[8]

Characteristics

In 2001, Sutton and colleagues proposed that intermediate-term memory possesses the following three characteristics:

  • Its induction requires translation, but not transcription[8][9]
  • Its expression requires the persistent activation of protein kinase A[8] and protein kinase C[10]
  • It declines completely before the onset of long-term memory[8]

Mechanism

Induction

Because intermediate-term memory does not involve transcription, it likely involves the translation of mRNA transcripts already present in neurons.[3][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]

Comparison with short-term/working memory

{{Main article|Working memory}}

Unlike short-term memory and working memory, intermediate-term memory requires changes in translation to occur in order to function.

Comparison with long-term memory

{{Main article|Long-term memory}}

While ITM requires only changes in translation, induction of long-term memory requires changes in transcription as well.[22] The change from short-term memory to long-term memory is thought to dependent on CREB, which regulates transcription, but because ITM does not involve a change in transcription, it is thought to be independent of CREB activity.[3] According to the definition of ITM proposed by Sutton et al. in 2001, it disappears completely before long-term memory is induced.[8]

References

1. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Grimes MT, Smith M, Li X, Darby-King A, Harley CW, McLean JH | title = Mammalian intermediate-term memory: new findings in neonate rat | journal = Neurobiology of Learning and Memory | volume = 95 | issue = 3 | pages = 385–91 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21296674 | pmc = | doi = 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.01.012 }}
2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Sutton MA, Carew TJ | title = Behavioral, cellular, and molecular analysis of memory in aplysia I: intermediate-term memory | journal = Integrative and Comparative Biology | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 725–35 | date = August 2002 | pmid = 21708769 | pmc = | doi = 10.1093/icb/42.4.725 }}
3. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Lukowiak K, Adatia N, Krygier D, Syed N | title = Operant conditioning in Lymnaea: evidence for intermediate- and long-term memory | journal = Learning & Memory | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 140–50 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10837503 | pmc = 311329 | doi = 10.1101/lm.7.3.140 }}
4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Mauelshagen J, Sherff CM, Carew TJ | title = Differential induction of long-term synaptic facilitation by spaced and massed applications of serotonin at sensory neuron synapses of Aplysia californica | journal = Learning & Memory | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 246–56 | year = 1998 | pmid = 10454368 | pmc = 313806 | doi = 10.1101/lm.5.3.246 | doi-broken-date = 2019-02-22 }}
5. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=NDkjjSE43zYC&pg=PA284&lpg=PA284&dq=%22intermediate-term+memory%22#v=onepage&q=%22intermediate-term%20memory%22&f=false | title=Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 2nd edition | publisher=Nikki Levy, Academic Press | author=Raymond P. Kesner and Joe L. Martinez, Jr. (eds) | year=2007 | pages=284 | isbn=978-0-12-372540-0}}
6. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Eichenbaum | first1 = H. | last2 = Otto | first2 = T. | last3 = Cohen | first3 = N. J. | doi = 10.1017/S0140525X00035391 | title = Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system | journal = Behavioral and Brain Sciences | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 449–472 | year = 2010 | pmid = | pmc = }}
7. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosenzweig MR, Bennett EL, Colombo PJ, Lee DW, Serrano PA | title = Short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term memories | journal = Behavioural Brain Research | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 193–8 | date = November 1993 | pmid = 8117424 | pmc = | doi = 10.1016/0166-4328(93)90135-D }}
8. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal | vauthors = Sutton MA, Masters SE, Bagnall MW, Carew TJ | title = Molecular mechanisms underlying a unique intermediate phase of memory in aplysia | journal = Neuron | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 143–54 | date = July 2001 | pmid = 11498057 | pmc = | doi = 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00342-7 }}
9. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Parvez K, Stewart O, Sangha S, Lukowiak K | title = Boosting intermediate-term into long-term memory | journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 208 | issue = Pt 8 | pages = 1525–36 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15802676 | pmc = | doi = 10.1242/jeb.01545 }}
10. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Sutton MA, Bagnall MW, Sharma SK, Shobe J, Carew TJ | title = Intermediate-term memory for site-specific sensitization in aplysia is maintained by persistent activation of protein kinase C | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 24 | issue = 14 | pages = 3600–9 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15071108 | pmc = | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1134-03.2004 }}
11. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Stough S, Shobe JL, Carew TJ | title = Intermediate-term processes in memory formation | journal = Current Opinion in Neurobiology | volume = 16 | issue = 6 | pages = 672–8 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17097872 | doi = 10.1016/j.conb.2006.10.009 }}
12. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Sutton MA, Ide J, Masters SE, Carew TJ | title = Interaction between amount and pattern of training in the induction of intermediate- and long-term memory for sensitization in aplysia | journal = Learning & Memory | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–40 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11917004 | pmc = 155928 | doi = 10.1101/lm.44802 }}
13. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0830994100 | pmid=12672952 | volume=100 | issue=8 | title=Inhibition of calcineurin facilitates the induction of memory for sensitization in Aplysia: Requirement of mitogen-activated protein kinase | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | pages=4861–4866| pmc=153646 | year=2003 | last1=Sharma | first1=S. K. | last2=Bagnall | first2=M. W. | last3=Sutton | first3=M. A. | last4=Carew | first4=T. J. }}
14. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Sutton MA, Schuman EM | title = Dendritic protein synthesis, synaptic plasticity, and memory | journal = Cell | volume = 127 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–58 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17018276 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.014 }}
15. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao Y, Leal K, Abi-Farah C, Martin KC, Sossin WS, Klein M | title = Isoform specificity of PKC translocation in living Aplysia sensory neurons and a role for Ca2+-dependent PKC APL I in the induction of intermediate-term facilitation | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 26 | issue = 34 | pages = 8847–56 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16928874 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1919-06.2006 }}
16. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Michel M, Green CL, Gardner JS, Organ CL, Lyons LC | title = Massed training-induced intermediate-term operant memory in aplysia requires protein synthesis and multiple persistent kinase cascades | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 32 | issue = 13 | pages = 4581–91 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22457504 | pmc = 3329157 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6264-11.2012 }}
17. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Antonov I, Kandel ER, Hawkins RD | title = Presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity during intermediate-term memory formation in Aplysia | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 30 | issue = 16 | pages = 5781–91 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20410130 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4947-09.2010 }}
18. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Michel M, Gardner JS, Green CL, Organ CL, Lyons LC | title = Protein phosphatase-dependent circadian regulation of intermediate-term associative memory | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 33 | issue = 10 | pages = 4605–13 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23467376 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4534-12.2013 | pmc=3723391}}
19. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Sutton MA, Carew TJ | title = Parallel molecular pathways mediate expression of distinct forms of intermediate-term facilitation at tail sensory-motor synapses in Aplysia | journal = Neuron | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 219–31 | date = April 2000 | pmid = 10798406 | doi = 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81152-6 }}
20. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Parvez K, Moisseev V, Lukowiak K | title = A context-specific single contingent-reinforcing stimulus boosts intermediate-term memory into long-term memory | journal = The European Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 606–16 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16903862 | doi = 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04952.x }}
21. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang L, Ouyang M, Ganellin CR, Thomas SA | title = The slow afterhyperpolarization: a target of β1-adrenergic signaling in hippocampus-dependent memory retrieval | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 33 | issue = 11 | pages = 5006–16 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23486971 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3834-12.2013 | pmc=3632069}}
22. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Braun MH, Lukowiak K | title = Intermediate and long-term memory are different at the neuronal level in Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) | journal = Neurobiology of Learning and Memory | volume = 96 | issue = 2 | pages = 403–16 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21757019 | pmc = | doi = 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.06.016 }}
23. ^{{cite pmid|22474396}}
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