| 词条 | International Union of Muslim Scholars |
| 释义 |
| name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | named_after = | image = International Union of Muslim Scholars emblem.png | image_size = | alt = | caption = Emblem of organization. | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation = | motto = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = | formation = | founder = | founding_location = | extinction = | merger = | type = | tax_id = | registration_id = | status = | purpose = Spreading Islam | headquarters = | location = | coords = | region = | services = | products = | methods = | fields = | membership = | membership_year = | language = | owner = | sec_gen = | leader_title = | leader_name = Ahmad al-Raysuni | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = Salman al-Ouda, Yusuf al-Qaradawi | main_organ = | parent_organization = | subsidiaries = | secessions = | affiliations = | budget = | budget_year = | revenue = | revenue_year = | disbursements = | expenses = | expenses_year = | endowment = | endowment_year = | staff = | staff_year = | volunteers = | volunteers_year = | slogan = | mission = | website = {{URL|iumsonline.org/en}} | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = }} " International Association of Muslim Scholars, IAMS " ; {{lang-ar|الاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين}} {{transl|ar|al-Ittiḥād al-ʻĀlamī li-ʻUlāmāʼ al-Muslimīn}}), and formerly translated as the International Association of Muslim Scholars, IAMS) is a controversial organization of Muslim Islamic theologians headed by Ahmad al-Raysuni [1] to replace Yusuf al-Qaradawi,[2] described as the "supreme authority of the Muslim Brotherhood", founded in 2004, and headquartered in Qatar.[3][4][5][6] Given Yusuf al-Qaradawi's support for suicide attacks, the IUMS was listed as a terrorist organization by various Arab countries, including Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the United Arabic Emirates and Bahrein.[7][8][9] IUMS's leader Yusuf al-Qaradawi's, named "the theologian of terror" by Irish media, is also banned from entering multiple countries, including the US, UK and France, despite holding a Qatari diplomatic passport.[10][11][12][13] BackgroundReuters wrote that the IUMS was "formed in 2004 mostly by clerics belonging to the Muslim Brotherhood".[5] There are at least 90,000 Muslim scholars to be found in the union, who claim to bring together Sunni, Shia, and Ibadi Muslims.[2] According to Islamopedia, "membership in the Union is open for scholars who graduated from shariah universities and Islamic Studies departments at various universities or have a relevant background."[3] They also accept all of those who care of and attend to the sciences of Shari’ah and Islamic Civilization, who have significant writings in the field, or have contributed to some tangible activity thereof.[14] According to the IUMS website the IUMS does not follow any certain country, group, or sect. It is not hostile to governments, but rather seeks to open windows of cooperation for the good of Islam and Muslims.[14][15] IUMS President al-Qaradawi was described in a secret US diplomatic cable as an "Egyptian born, Qatar-based highly influential cleric and leading member of Muslim Brotherhood (MB)".[16] According to president al-Qaradawi, the international union plays a political role in Arab and Muslim issues through mediation efforts. For example, they tried to mediate between various factions in Egypt before 2013 and Yemen before the Houthi expansion.[17] They claim to have conducted successful mediation efforts in Kyrgyzstan in 2010 between the Kyrgyz and the Uzbeks.[17] The IUMS distinguishes itself from other Muslim organizations (being "truly different from all that exists") in its aims to be international[3][18] IUMS is not a local or a regional union, neither an Arab nor a national one, neither an eastern, nor a western union; rather, it represents all of the Muslims in the entire Islamic world, as well as all of the Muslim minorities and Islamic groups outside of the Muslim world.[3][18] According to one source, the IUMS was founded to "promote dialogue between Muslim scholars of all stripes and includes prominent Shia figures."[19] In its "desired characteristics", the IUMS includes being by Muslims for Muslim and about Islam; international; independent of governments(though "not hostile to governments") and sects ("it is only proud of belonging to Islam and its transnational community - Ummah"); interested in scholarly Islamic knowledge, teaching, and education; concerned with the call (Da'wah) to Islam "by tongue, pen, and every contemporary legitimate medium; be it recorded, audio, or visual"; moderation ("the centermost approach of the centermost Ummah"); and vitality.[18] Also according to Islamopedia, IUMS sets as "a goal the representation of Muslims living in countries where non-Muslims constitute the majority, such to enhance bilateral cooperation and promote Islamic scholarship and dissemination."[3][18] On interfaith dialogue, unlike moderate Muslim scholars, the IUMS President refused to attend a conference with Jewish rabbis. He also opposed dialogue with Christian communities as "holding meetings with Christians is a waste of time, since they do not recognize Muslims and say that Mohammed (peace and blessings of God be upon him) is dishonest and that he created the Qu'ran and attributed it to himself."[20] OrganizationScholars who are currently or have been at one time officials include the president: Presidents
Notable vice presidents
The Secretary General is:
Other notable figures in the IUMS, include Faisal Malawi, Jamal Badawi, Essam Al-Bashir, and Salman al-Ouda, who, {{as of|2018|09|lc=yes}}, was Assistant Secretary of the IUMS according to a Saudi legal case against him. HeadquartersThe IUMS was headquartered at the Islamic Cultural Centre of Ireland near Dublin, Ireland, with the offices of the Secretary General in Nasr City, Egypt.[3] FundingIn May 2012, a charity dinner in Qatar raised the equivalent of US$6.5 million for the “Renaissance of a Nation” endowment project of the IUMS.[25] Qatar's Amir also provided his official planes for the IUMS and its President.[26] According to Wikileaks, IUMS President enjoys "favors by the Qatari government; in particular, he was given substantial properties including villas, which he rents, and the building which houses the Ruling Family Council, an organization of the Al Thani family".[27] IUMS President al-Qaradawi's fortune was described by Wikileaks as "substantial".[27] ControversiesTerrorism supportYusuf al-Qaradawi was described by The Guardian as a "controversial Islamic scholar", who said that "suicide bombs are a duty".[28] Asked by the BBC about suicide attacks, Yusuf al-Qaradawi replied: "It's not suicide, it is martyrdom in the name of God".[29] In another interview with Qatar network Al-Jazeera, IUMS's leader said "our wish should be that we carry out Jihad to death".[30] The Times of Israel revealed that Yusuf al-Qaradawi publicly supported terrorist attacks against civilians, while Irish media called him the "theologian of terror".[7][10] IUMS' founder was banned from travelling to the USA and the UK because of his support to terrorist groups such as Hamas.[6] British authorities specifically denied Yusuf al-Qaradawi a visa due to his willingness to "justify acts of terrorist violence or disburse views that could foster intercommunity violence".[12] The Union of Good, a charity group headed by Yusuf al-Qaradawi was formally designated by the US State Department as a "foreign terrorist organization".[6] British media also reported that Yusuf al-Qaradawi held shares in al-Taqwa, a bank "with terror links", which was listed as a "specially designated global terrorist" by the US.[31] Media said that al-Taqwa "was sending money to the likes of al Qaeda and Hamas through charitable fronts".[32] As a result of its links with terrorism, several Arab countries listed the Doha-based IUMS as a terrorist organization.[5] Affiliation to the Muslim BrotherhoodReuters wrote that the IUMS was "formed in 2004 mostly by clerics belonging to the Muslim Brotherhood".[5] Scholar Lorenzo Vidino described the IUMS founder and leader Yusuf al-Qaradawi as the "spiritual leader of the global Muslim Brotherhood".[33] An academic paper published by the Center for Security Policy, said that Yusuf al-Qaradawi was a "long time Muslim Brotherhood leader, who played a key role in the international spread of the Muslim Brotherhood abroad".[34] According to The Jerusalem Post, Yusuf al-Qaradawi is "a central figure affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood", adding "many consider him the supreme religious and ideological authority for the Muslim Brotherhood, although he is not officially its leader".[4] Matthew Levitt, former FBI official, said that "Qaradawi is one of the most public figureheads of the radical wing of the Muslim Brotherhood".[6] Tariq Ramadan, grandson of the Muslim Brotherhood's founder, currently in jail for multiple rape accusations by Muslim women, is a member of the International Union of Muslim Scholars.[35]AntisemitismIsraeli media stated that IUMS' founder Yusuf al-Qaradawi "has often made anti-Semitic remarks".[4] According to the Anti-Defamation League, Yusuf al-Qaradawi is a "radical Muslim Brotherhood ideologue based in Qatar" who called to murder Jews, saying on 9 January 2009 "kill them, down to the very last one". Apology of rapeIUMS' founder has been accused of saying that "women can be guilty of provoking a sexual attack if their dress or behaviour arouses a man".[36] Rape victims stated that Qaradawi's views were "appalling". Lynne Harne, of the Truth About Rape charity, said: "I think that Dr al-Qaradawi's comments are absolutely appalling. Such an attitude should not be tolerated… These kind of views simply promote violence against women, which is prevalent enough".[36] Violent HomophobiaIUMS' leader Yusuf al-Qaradawi has also been accused of extreme homophobia, as he endorsed the stoning of gay people.[37][38] The Telegraph wrote that he had "extreme views on homosexuality".[36] In fact, on his website, IUMS' leader said that gay people should either be killed by "burning or stoning".[10] ViewsIn 2002, the International Association of Muslim Scholars ruled that resisting occupation troops in Iraq is a “duty” on all able Muslims whether they are in Iraq or outside Iraq and that aiding the occupier was impermissible.[39] In 2008, Salim Al-Awwa, secretary general of the IUMS opposed Egypt's birth control program, stating: "The state is not God and the state is not the creator. We should not try to limit the number of children."[40] In 2010, the International Union for Muslim Scholars caused controversy when it called for the tomb of Piruz Nahavandi to be destroyed, a suggestion which was not well received by some in Iran, having been perceived as a specifically anti-Iranian act.[41] In 2015, the leader of IUMS speaking about Hamas stated, “We view Hamas from the perspective of the Palestinian cause, which must remain the pre-eminent cause not just for the union but for all Arabs, Muslims, and free humanitarians in the world. We stand against oppression, tyranny, displacement and detention tactics that Israeli occupation forces rely on; this is a humanitarian and an international stance. Hamas is defending the rights of the nation, and the nation must stand by those who defend its preeminent cause.”[17] In 2015, after the Charlie Hebdo attacks, IUMS condemned the publication of a cartoon of Muhammad holding a “Je Suis Charlie” sign with the words, “all is forgiven” written below.[42] The group appealed to Muslims to continue to protest but not to resort to violence.[42] IUMS condemned the Houthi coup in Yemen. They advised the Houthi to return home and to stop compromising the “legitimate government” of Yemen. They fully endorse the Saudi-led war in Yemen.[17] From a religious legal perspective IUMS says “one must stand with the legitimate government and cannot back a coup.”[17] They used this mentality to disagree with Saudi Arabia on the coup in Egypt and the ousting of Mohamed Morsi.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} While the IUMS President called for a boycott of US products, his son still travelled to the US where he attended non-Islamic universities.[27] From 1991 to 1995, Mohamed Qaradawi was enrolled at the University of Colorado Denver, and then the University of Central Florida, located in Orlando, one of the "10 most fun cities in America"[43] His brother, meanwhile, attended the liberal American University in Cairo.[44] International relationsOn 13 June 2013, Abdullah Bin Bayyah met with Obama administration officials in Washington where he lobbied for help with the Syrian opposition forces.[45] U.S. National Security Council official Gayle Smith asked for the meeting looking for "new mechanisms to communicate with you and the Association of Muslim Scholars". Bin Bayyah also met with Rashad Hussain, U.S. envoy to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[46] The IUMS was designated a terrorist organization in the United Arab Emirates in 2014, with the Emirati government alleging that the organization has ties to the Muslim Brotherhood. The action was taken amid a controversy between Qatar and other GCC states, during which a number of states downgraded relations with Qatar and recalled their ambassadors as a result of Qatar's backing of the Muslim Brotherhood.[47] The designation was met with skepticism by the United Kingdom[48] and rejection by the United States and Norway.[49] The IUMS rejected the designation and expressed "extreme astonishment of its inclusion by the UAE among the terrorists groups and rejects this description completely," said the group, which says it seeks to promote scholarship and awareness of Islam."[47] The group waivers between rejection of and support for Russian intervention in the Syrian war. In early 2015, they called for a “rejection of Russian engagement in Syria” but after the appeal of about 40 Muslim scientists in Russia, the Union changed their minds.[50] The Russian Muslim scientists argued that the Union should not allow themselves to be “led by the nose by Western Globalization, and should first try to eliminate the threat of IS together with Russia.”[50] Russian members of the Union appealed to the International organization on the basis that “Russia has never helped create a tense situation in any Arab country.”[50] After the Russian scientists threatened to leave the Union, the IUMS declared that, “the Russian Federation should be actively involved in the restoration of security and peace in Syria.”[50]{{Additional citation needed|date=October 2016}} References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/Content.aspx?ID=966602|title=انتخاب الريسوني رئيسا للاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين|website=وكالــة معــا الاخبارية|access-date=2019-02-18}} 2. ^1 {{Cite web|title = LiveLeak.com - Why Qatar Wants "to Make Friends" With Russia|url = http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=90a_1448164579|access-date = 2016-02-18}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 PAS Muslim. (Dublin, Ireland) Islamopedia 4. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/A-portrait-of-Muslim-Brotherhoods-supreme-authority|title=A portrait of Muslim Brotherhood's supreme authority|work=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com|access-date=2018-08-23}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/gulf-qatar/islamist-group-rejects-terrorism-charge-by-states-boycotting-qatar-idUSL8N1O12V8|title=Islamist group rejects terrorism charge by states boycotting Qatar|last=Editorial|first=Reuters|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en-US}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/how-a-91-year-old-imam-came-to-symbolize-feud-between-qatar-and-its-neighbors/2017/06/26/601d41b4-5157-11e7-91eb-9611861a988f_story.html|title=How a 91-year-old imam came to symbolize the feud between Qatar and its neighbors|last=https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100009511926129|last2=https://www.facebook.com/joby.warrick|website=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-08-23}} 7. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/prominent-sunni-cleric-defends-tel-aviv-terrorists/|title=Prominent Sunni cleric defends Tel Aviv terrorists|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en-US}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/aug/28/uk.terrorism|title=Suicide bombs are a duty, says Islamic scholar|last=Barnett|first=Antony|date=2005-08-27|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-23}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=http://bahrainmirror.com/en/news/43342.html|title=Arab Quartet Adds “International Union of Muslim Scholars” & Sheikh Hasan Sultan to Terror List|work=Bahrain Mirror|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en-US}} 10. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/theologian-of-terror-held-radical-islamic-council-session-here-26205745.html|title='Theologian of terror' held radical Islamic council session here - Independent.ie|work=Independent.ie|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/feb/07/religion.politics|title=Controversial Muslim cleric banned from Britain|last=Dodd|first=Vikram|date=2008-02-07|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-23}} 12. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/27/world/europe/france-to-bar-some-muslim-clerics.html|title=France to Bar Some Muslim Clerics From Visiting|last=Erlanger|first=Steven|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en}} 13. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20120328-sarkozy-bars-global-mufti-entering-france-sheikh-yusuf-qaradawi-toulouse-shooting|title=The 'global mufti' Sarkozy barred from entering France - France 24|date=2012-03-28|work=France 24|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en-US}} 14. ^1 http://iumsonline.org/portal/en-US/introduction/37/ 15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://iumsonline.org/portal/en-US/introduction/37/|title=International Union of Muslim Scholars|last=|first=|date=|website=International Union of Muslim Scholars|publisher=|access-date=}} 16. ^{{Cite journal|url=https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06DUBLIN798_a.html|title=IRELAND: ISLAM IN EUROPE (C-DI5-01478)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 17. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web|title = Qaradaghi: We support action against Houthis - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|url = http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/04/palestine-international-union-of-muslim-scholars-alqaradaghi.html#|website = Al-Monitor|access-date = 2016-02-18|language = en-us|date = 2015-04-19}} 18. ^1 2 3 International Union of Muslim Scholars Project (official web site) 19. ^Shia-Sunni rift overstated International Relations and Security Network| By Dominic Moran | 10 Oct 2008 20. ^{{Cite journal|url=https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09DOHA665_a.html|title=RELIGIOUS LEADERS DISCUSS INTERFAITH UNDERSTANDING: QARADAWI DISSENTS|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 21. ^1 {{Cite web|title = Muslim cleric who backed fatwa on 'killing of U.S. soldiers' promoted by State Dept.|url = http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/may/24/muslim-cleric-who-backed-fatwa-killing-us-soldiers/|website = The Washingtion Times|access-date = 2016-02-18|first = |last = }} 22. ^{{Cite web|title = Interpol Issues Arrest Warrant for Muslim Brotherhood Leader - Freedom Outpost|url = http://freedomoutpost.com/2014/12/interpol-issues-arrest-warrant-muslim-brotherhood-leader/|website = Freedom Outpost|access-date = 2016-02-18|language = en-US|date = 2014-12-11}} 23. ^{{Cite web|title = Middle East Online: Qaradawi's deputy resigns from Union of Islamic Scholars|url = http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=61348|website = Middle East Online|access-date = 2016-10-18}} 24. ^http://iumsonline.org/en/default.asp?MenuID=42 25. ^Charity dinner raises $ 6.5 million for religious scholars’ union| By Habib Toumi| Gulf News| May 15, 2012 26. ^{{Cite journal|url=https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09DOHA3_a.html|title=QATARI LEADERSHIP SEEKS TO SHOW ACTIVISM ON GAZA|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 27. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|url=https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05DOHA1268_a.html|title=QARADAWI VIEWED LOCALLY AS A MODERATE SCHOLAR|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 28. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/aug/28/uk.terrorism|title=Suicide bombs are a duty, says Islamic scholar|last=Barnett|first=Antony|date=2005-08-27|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-23}} 29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/feb/07/religion.politics|title=Controversial Muslim cleric banned from Britain|last=Dodd|first=Vikram|date=2008-02-07|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-23}} 30. ^{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-palestinians-gaza-cleric-idUKBRE94714K20130508|title=Influential Muslim cleric visits Hamas-ruled Gaza|last=al-Mughrabi|first=Nidal|work=U.K.|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en-GB}} 31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jul/11/terrorism.religion|title=Cleric held shares in bank 'with terror links'|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=2004-07-11|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-23}} 32. ^{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/06/07/schuster.column/index.html|title=CNN.com - Stumbling down the money trail - Jun 8, 2005|last=CNN|first=By Henry Schuster|website=edition.cnn.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-23}} 33. ^{{Cite web|url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2191/f/MB in Austria- Print.pdf|title=THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD IN AUSTRIA|last=Vidino|first=Lorenzo|date=August 2017|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 34. ^{{Cite journal|last=Shideler|first=Kyle|last2=Daoud|first2=David|date=2014|title=Command and Control:: The International Union of Muslim Scholars, The Muslim Brotherhood, and The Call for Global Intifada during Operation Protective Edge|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep05080|publisher=Center for Security Policy}} 35. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20180508-islamic-scholar-tariq-ramadan-remain-jail-ahead-rape-trial-france|title=Islamic scholar Tariq Ramadan to remain jailed in France ahead of rape trial - France 24|date=2018-05-08|work=France 24|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en-US}} 36. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1466715/For-her-to-be-absolved-from-guilt-a-raped-woman-must-have-shown-good-conduct.html|title='For her to be absolved from guilt, a raped woman must have shown good conduct'|last=Henry|first=Rajeev Syal and Julie|date=2004-07-10|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}} 37. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1577924/Muslim-cleric-Yusuf-al-Qaradawi-refused-visa.html|title=Muslim cleric Yusuf al-Qaradawi refused visa|last=Moore|first=Matthew|date=2008-02-07|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}} 38. ^{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3888419.stm|title=Livingstone invites cleric back|date=2004-07-12|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en-GB}} 39. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20041121151504/http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2004-11/20/article02.shtml Islam Online: "IAMS Backs Iraqi Resistance, Opposes Killing Civilians"] November 20, 2002 40. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/02/world/africa/02iht-egyptecon.4.14179781.html?pagewanted=2%3C!--Undefined%20dynamic%20function%20data_sanitationlib::sanitize_string:1%20called--%3E&_moc.semityn.www Egypt fights to stem rapid population growth] By Will Rasmussen| nytimes.com| 2 July 2008 41. ^http://www.al-ahwaz.com/english/2010/news/8-10-2010-1-world.html 42. ^1 {{Cite web|title = Muslim scholars urge UN to outlaw 'contempt' of religions|url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2919894/Muslim-scholars-urge-UN-outlaw-contempt-religions.html|website = The Daily Mail|access-date = 2016-02-18|date = 2015-01-21}} 43. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/articles/2017-09-19/these-are-the-10-most-fun-cities-in-america|title=10 Most Fun Cities in America|last=|first=|date=|website=US News|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 44. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/02/14/maverick-cleric-is-a-hit-on-arab-tv/ac8661a0-3301-40fe-8409-6fbff0b4e3e3/|title=Maverick Cleric Is a Hit on Arab TV|date=2003-02-14|work=Washington Post|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}} 45. ^{{Cite news|author=Martosko, David|date=26 June 2013|title=Deputy of banned cleric Yusuf al-Qaradawi who endorses Palestinian suicide bombers had White House meeting with National Security Council staff|newspaper=The Daily Mail|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2348479/EXCLUSIVE-Deputy-banned-suicide-bomb-endorsing-cleric-Yusuf-al-Qaradawi-White-House-meeting-National-Security-Council-staff.html|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130626070040/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2348479/EXCLUSIVE-Deputy-banned-suicide-bomb-endorsing-cleric-Yusuf-al-Qaradawi-White-House-meeting-National-Security-Council-staff.html|archivedate=26 June 2013|deadurl=no}} 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/06/26/muslim-scholar-tied-to-pro-hamas-group-radical-cleric-visits-white-house/|title=Muslim scholar tied to pro-Hamas group, radical cleric visits White House|date=26 June 2013|publisher=}} 47. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/11/17/uk-qatar-emirates-qaradawi-idUKKCN0J10DL20141117|title=Islamist group rejects UAE terrorism designation|publisher=Reuters|date=17 November 2014|accessdate=14 September 2015}} 48. ^{{cite news|last1=Caroll|first1=Lindsay|title=British ambassador seeks to ‘clarify’ UAE terror list|url=http://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/british-ambassador-seeks-to-clarify-uae-terror-list|accessdate=18 October 2016|agency=The National|publisher=The National|date=1 December 2014}} 49. ^{{cite news|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Arwa|title=US rejects UAE terrorist designation of American groups|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/us-rejects-uae-terrorist-designation-american-groups-555861953|accessdate=18 October 2016|agency=Middle East Eye|publisher=Middle East Eye|date=13 February 2015}} 50. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|title = International Union of Muslim Scholars Supports Russia's Actions in Syria|url = http://in.sputniknews.com/world/20151120/1016476483/russia-syria-campaign-muslim-support.html|website = Sputnik News|access-date = 2016-02-18|last = }} }} 6 : Organizations established in 2004|Non-profit organisations based in Qatar|International religious organizations|Islamic organisations based in Qatar|Organizations designated as terrorist in Asia|Islamist groups |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。