“International Workers' Olympiads”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

International Workers' Olympiads were an international sporting event arranged between 1925 and 1937 by Socialist Workers' Sport International (SASI). It was an organisation supported by social democratic parties and International Federation of Trade Unions. Workers' Olympiads were an alternate event for the Olympic Games. The participants were members of various labor sports associations and came mostly from Europe.^[1] Nowadays the CSIT World Sports Games are the successor sports events of the International Workers' Olympiads. The "World Sports Games" is the main highlight and a new Brand of the CSIT. It is a unique major sports event for thousands of workers and amateurs every two years. The CSIT (International Workers and Amateurs in Sports Confederation) is an international Multi-Sports Organization.

History

The Workers' Olympiads were created as a counterweight for the Olympic Games, which were criticized for being confined for the upper social classes and privileged people. The international workers' sports movement did not believe that the true Olympic spirit could be achieved in an Olympic movement dominated by the aristocratic leadership. Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the International Olympic Committee, had always opposed women's participation and supported the cultural superiority of white Europeans over other races. His followers, Henri de Baillet-Latour and Avery Brundage, were openly anti-semitic and both collaborated with the Nazis. On the contrary, the Workers' Olympiads opposed all kinds of chauvinism, sexism, racism and social exclusiveness. The Olympic Games were based in rivalry between the nations, but the Workers' Olympiads stressed internationalism, friendship, solidarity and peace.^[2]

The Lucerne Sport International (later known as Socialist Workers' Sport International) was established in Lucerne, Switzerland in 1920. The first unofficial Workers' Olympiads were held a year later in Prague, Czechoslovakia. The IOC had banned the losing side of the World War I from the 1920 Summer Olympics (Germany even from the 1924 games), but the Workers's Olympiads were open for the "enemy" side as well. The number of participating countries was thirteen. The first official Worker's Olympiads were the 1925 winter games in the German town of Schreiberhau, which today is a part of Poland. They were followed by the first Summer Olympiads in Frankfurt am Main.^[2]

National flags were not used, but a red flag of international workers' movement.^[1] The best athletes were awarded with diplomas, they did not receive medals like in the Olympic Games.^[3] The visiting athletes stayed mostly at private accommodation of local families.^[1]

International Workers' Olympiads were more than just a games for the top athletes. The festival was based on a mass participation, it did not restrict entry on the grounds of sporting ability. 1931 Workers' Summer Olympiad in Vienna was the largest event with the participation of 100,000 athletes from 26 countries. The Vienna Workers' Olympiad attracted some 250,000 spectators. It was much bigger event than the 1932 Summer Olympics at Los Angeles, both in number of participants as well as spectators.^[4] Praterstadion (now Ernst-Happel-Stadion) was constructed between 1929 and 1931 for the 1931 Olympiad.^[5] The last Workers' Olympiad at Antwerp in 1937 was a joint event with the Red Sport International organized Spartakiads.^[6]

Olympiads, hosts and number of participating countries

Participating countries and federations

Note: the table below is incomplete. Only the participating countries of 1925 and 1937 Winter Olympiads and 1925 Summer Olympiads are correct.

Sports

Summer Olympiads

Winter Olympiads

References

1. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.workersliberty.org/story/2012/08/01/workers-olympics |title= A workers' Olympics? |publisher= Workers' Liberty |date=1 August 2012 | language = |accessdate=1 July 2013}}
2. ^¹Riordan, James: ″Sport, Politics, and Communism″, p. 38–40. Manchester University Press, 1991. {{ISBN|978-071-90285-0-2}}. [https://books.google.fi/books?id=Rc1RAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=1921+olympiad+prague&source=bl&ots=qmua0exF57&sig=OYtYQPyvi6_UKl2nqH2hz3z6wpk&hl=fi&sa=X&ei=m9BjVaTNFYqesAHd0YHQBg&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Books]
3. ^Hentilä, Seppo: ″Työväen Urheiluliitto ja kansainvälinen työläisurheilu″ (in Finnish). University of Helsinki. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
4. ^Roni Gechtman: "Socialist Sports in Yiddish – The Bundist Sport Organization Morgnshtern in Interwar Poland". Retrieved 2 July 2013.
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wien.gv.at/freizeit/sportamt/annodazumal/sportstaetten/stadion.html |title= Wiener Praterstadion - Ernst-Happel-Stadion - Historische Sportstätte der Stadt Wien |publisher= City of Vienna |date= | language = German|accessdate=1 July 2013}}
6. ^John Nauright & Charles Parrish (ed.): "Sports Around the World – History, Culture and Practice" (p. 463). Retrieved 11 July 2013.