“Interpretatio Christiana”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Interpretatio christiana (Latin for Christian interpretation, also Christian reinterpretation) is adaptation of non-Christian elements of culture or historical facts to the worldview of Christianity.^[1] The term is commonly applied to recasting of religious and cultural activities, beliefs and imageries of "pagan" peoples into a Christianized form as a strategy for Christianization.^[2] From a Christian perspective, "pagan" refers to the various religious beliefs and practices of those who adhered to non-Abrahamic faiths, including within the Greco-Roman world the traditional public and domestic religion of ancient Rome, imperial cult, Hellenistic religion, the ancient Egyptian religion, Celtic and Germanic polytheism, initiation religions such as the Eleusinian Mysteries and Mithraism, the religions of the ancient Near East, and the religion of Carthage.

Reformatting traditional religious and cultural activities and beliefs into a Christianized form was officially sanctioned; preserved in the Venerable Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum is a letter from Pope Gregory I to Mellitus, arguing that conversions were easier if people were allowed to retain the outward forms of their traditions while changing the object of their veneration to God, "to the end that, whilst some gratifications are outwardly permitted them, they may the more easily consent to the inward consolations of the grace of God".^[3]

Practices

Reinterpretation of sacred sites

The Christianization of sites that had been pagan occurred both as a result of spontaneous conversions in early Christian times, and an important part of the strategy of Interpretatio Christiana.^[4] The landscape itself was Christianized,^[5] as prominent features were rededicated to Christian saints, sometimes quite directly, as when the island of Oglasa in the Tyrrhenian Sea was christened Montecristo.

Missionaries to the pagan nations enthusiastically turned pagan sites immediately over to church use. For example, Sulpicius Severus, in his Vita of Martin of Tours, a dedicated destroyer of temples and sacred trees, remarks "wherever he destroyed heathen temples, there he used immediately to build either churches or monasteries" (Vita, ch xiii), and when Benedict took possession of the site at Monte Cassino, he began by smashing the sculpture of Apollo and the altar that crowned the height.^[6]

Reinterpretation of calendar and feasts

In the context of Christianization of Germanic tribes, Herbert Schutz notes that eventually old local gods were still "celebrated on their feast days, on their former sacred sites", replaced with some particular saints.^[7]

However some scholars^[8] question the significance of the reinterpretation of pagan feasts.

Reuse of cultural artifacts

In the context of art, interpretatio christiana amounted to renaming (e.g., by added or changed inscription) or unnaming objects, as well as Christian allegorization of them. For example, a Roman cup or vase would be consecrated and used as a chalice in church. A notable example of the latter is the Cup of the Ptolemies. Unnaming could include deliberate omission of traditional pagan interpretations of the imagery in descriptions of artifacts, leading to their oblivion, whether intentionally or by ignorance.^[9]

Crosses were inscribed on old architecture and its reused remnants (spolia). Liz James observes. "Inscribing a cross works similarly [to upsetting pagan statues], sealing the object for Christian purposes".^[10]

Martin Henig describes a number of personal intaglio seals with clearly pagan motifs, augmented with Christian inscriptions, such as "IESVS EST AMOR MEVS" ("Iesus est amor meus", "Jesus is my love").^[11]

Reinterpretation of pre-Christian knowledge and lore

Pre-Christian sources and myths were subject to Christian reinterpretation during their transmission or placed in Christian settings. This presents difficulties for historical studies of the periods of conversion.^[12] A number of early Christian writers noted similarities between elements of Christianity and some pagan traditions, such as cult of Dionysus or Mithras, however in order to defend Christianity they insisted that these are plots of the devil to corrupt Christianity. Also, when translating pagan notions into a Christian worldview, pagan deities themselves were reinterpreted as demons.^[13]

A thorough analysis of Christian reinterpretation of ancient learning was carried out by Hervé Inglebert, with special attention to cosmography, geography, ethnography, and historiography.^[14]

Scholarship

Humanistic studies of Antiquity and the Reformation combined in the 16th century to produce works of scholarship marked by an agenda that was occupied with identifying Roman Catholic practices with paganism, and identifying the emerging Protestant churches with a purgative "re-Christianization" of society. The Lutheran scholar Philip Melanchthon produced his Apologia Confessionis Augustanae (1530) detailing the rites derived from pagan practices. Heinrich Bullinger, De origine erroris libris duo (1539) detailed the pagan "origins of (Catholic) errors".

Isaac Casaubon, De rebus sacris et ecclesiasticus exercitationes (1614) makes a third familiar example, where sound scholarship was somewhat compromised by sectarian pleading. Thus such pagan precedents for Christian practice have tended to be downplayed or even sometimes dismissed by Christian apologists as a form of Protestant Apologetics.

The 20th century saw more purely historical inquiries, free of sectarian bias; an early historicist classic in this field of study was Jean Seznec's The Survival of the Pagan Gods: the mythological tradition and its place in Renaissance humanism and the arts..^[15]

See also

References

1. ^Eberlein, Johann Konrad (Munich). Interpretatio Christiana, Brill’s New Pauly
2. ^This strategy is not solely a feature of Christianity; the phenomenon was discussed in broader terms by F.W. Hasluck, Christianity and Islam under the Sultans (Oxford) 1929.
3. ^¹²Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Digireads.com Publishing, Jan 1, 2004, {{ISBN|142090163X}} [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_Nation_(Jane)/Book_1 p. 45]
4. ^*MacMullen, Ramsay, Christianizing the Roman Empire, AD 100 – 400 Yale University Press (paperback, 1986 {{ISBN|0-300-03642-6}})
5. ^Making Christian Landscapes, an archaeological research project through the Irish National Strategic Archaeological Research (INSTAR) Programme, 2009 (ref. no. 16716)
6. ^{{citation |last=Christie |first=Neil |authorlink=Neil Christie |title=From Constantine to Charlemagne: An Archaeology of Italy AD 300–800 |year=2006 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=1-85928-421-3}}
7. ^The Germanic realms in pre-Carolingian Central Europe, Herbert Schutz, 2000, p. 156-157
8. ^{{cite book|title=The Christianization of Scandinavia: report of a symposium held at Kungälv, Sweden 4-9 August 1985|author1=Sawyer, B.|author2=Sawyer, P.H.|author3=Wood, I.N.|date=1987|publisher=Viktoria Bokförlag|isbn=9789186708047|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O-IPAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=2015-06-25}}
9. ^"Reuse Value. Spolia and Appropriation in Art and Architecture from Constantine to Sherrie Levine" edited by: Richard Brilliant, Dale Kinney, Farnham, Ashgate, 2011, {{ISBN|9781409424222}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZflTOVe0wuoC&pg=PA110 p. 109 in e-book; "Ancient Gems in Middle Ages"]
10. ^Liz James, "'Pray Not to Fall into Temptation and Be on Your Guard': Pagan Statues in Christian Constantinople" Gesta 35.1 (1996:12-20) p. 16.(noting O. Hjort, "Augustus Christianus—Livia Christiana: Sphragis and Roman portrait sculpture", in L. Ryden and J.O. Rosenqvist, Aspects of Late Antiquity and Early Byzantium (Transactions of the Swedish Institute in Istanbul, IV) 1993:93-112.)
11. ^Martin Henig, "[https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/1b%20rev%20order.pdf The Re-Use and Copying of Ancient Intaglios..."] in: "Good impressions: image and authority in Medieval seals", British Museum Research Publication 168 {{ISBN|978-086159-168-8}}, 2008
12. ^Eric J. Sharpe, [https://books.google.com/books?id=k9JRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA245 "Salvation, Germanic and Christian"], in: Man and His Salvation: Studies in Memory of S. G. F. Brandon, 1974, {{ISBN|0874711819}}
13. ^Richard Kieckhefer, "European Witch Trials: Their Foundations in Popular and Learned Culture, 1300–1500" [https://books.google.com/books?id=6omqXE3zFJQC&pg=PT58 e-book p. 58]
14. ^Hervé Inglebert Interpretatio Christiana: Les mutations des savoirs (cosmographie, géographie, ethnographie, histoire) dans l'Antiquité chrétienne (30-630 après J.C.), Collection des Études Augustiennes Paris: Institute d'Études Augustiniennes, 2001 Pp. 632 (review)
15. ^Jean Seznec*The La Survivance des dieux antiques, 1940*English translation: The Survival of the Pagan Gods: Mythological Tradition in Renaissance Humanism and Art, 1953