| 词条 | Ruben Salazar |
| 释义 |
| name = Ruben Salazar | image = RubenSalazar.jpg |image_size = |caption = | occupation = Journalist and civil rights activist | birth_date = March 3, 1928 | birth_place = Ciudad Juárez, Mexico | death_date = {{Death date and age|1970|8|29|1928|3|3}} | death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S. | years_active= 1956–1970}}Ruben Salazar (March 3, 1928 – August 29, 1970)[1] was a civil rights activist and a reporter for the Los Angeles Times, the first Mexican-American journalist from mainstream media to cover the Chicano community.[2] Salazar died during the National Chicano Moratorium March against the Vietnam War on August 29, 1970, in East Los Angeles, California. During the march, Salazar was struck by a tear-gas projectile fired by a Los Angeles County Sheriff's deputy. No criminal charge was filed, but Salazar's family reached an out-of-court financial settlement with the county.[2] Early lifeBorn in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, Salazar was brought to the United States with his family in 1929. Salazar began his U.S. naturalization process on October 15, 1947, when he submitted his application for a certificate of arrival and preliminary form for a declaration of intention of citizenship. CareerAfter high school, he served in the U.S. Army for two years. Salazar attended the Texas Western College, graduating in 1954 with a degree in journalism. He obtained a job as an investigative journalist at the now-defunct El Paso Herald-Post; at one point he posed as a vagrant to get arrested while he investigated the poor treatment of prisoners in the El Paso jail. After his tenure at the Herald-Post, Salazar worked at several California newspapers, including the Santa Rosa Press Democrat.[2][3] Salazar was a news reporter and columnist for the Los Angeles Times from 1959 to 1970.[4] During his career, Salazar became one of the most prominent figures within the Chicano movement. He served as a foreign correspondent in his early years at the Times, covering the 1965 United States occupation of the Dominican Republic, the Vietnam War, and the Tlatelolco massacre (the latter while serving as the Times bureau chief in Mexico City). When Salazar returned to the US in 1968, he focused on the Mexican-American community and the Chicano movement, writing about East Los Angeles, an area largely ignored by the media except for coverage of crimes. He became the first Chicano journalist to cover the ethnic group while working in a large general circulation publication. Many of his pieces were critical of the Los Angeles government's treatment of Chicanos, particularly after he came into conflict with police during the East L.A. walkouts.[2] While reporting for the Times, Salazar forged relationships with members of the Chicano movement, including Rosalio Munoz where he reported on Munoz's draft protest.[5] In January 1970, Salazar left the Times to serve as the news director for the Spanish language television station KMEX in Los Angeles. At KMEX, he investigated allegations of police officers' planting evidence to implicate Chicanos and the July 1970 police shooting of two unarmed Mexican nationals. According to Salazar, he was visited by undercover LAPD detectives who warned him that his investigations were "dangerous in the minds of barrio people."[2] During Salazar's time as the news director for KMEX, which was a Spanish language station, he became more outspoken on Chicano issues and gave priority to cases that were important to the Chicano Movement. This included the killing of the Sanchez cousins by police which brought forth a community-wide protest as well as covering the Chicano Moratorium which ultimately led to his death.[5] Support for Chicano movementSalazar's strong support for the Chicano movement as a Mexican-American distinguished him early on from other journalists in mainstream media. With a strong disparity of racial minorities in news organizations nationwide, Salazar felt it was his personal and professional responsibility to give necessary attention to the actions led by his fellow Chicanos in East Los Angeles. In February 1970, just six months prior to his death, Salazar made his support for the Chicano movement particularly clear when he authored an article in the Los Angeles Times, titled, "Who Is A Chicano? And What Is It the Chicanos Want?" In this piece, Salazar not only describes the evolving identity of Chicanos and the historic importance of the movement, but he details his frustration with the lack of Mexican-American representation among the elected representatives in the Los Angeles city council. Salazar writes, "Mexican-Americans, though large in numbers, are so politically impotent that in Los Angeles, where the country's largest single concentration of Spanish-speaking live, they have no one of their own on the City Council. This in a city politically sophisticated enough to have three Negro council-men."[6] Due to his support of the Chicano movement, Ruben Salazar became an FBI target and was the subject of an FBI internal subject file. While Salazar was noted as being cooperative during his interactions with the FBI around the investigation of Stokely Carmichael he drew the FBI's attention during the Korean War when he began corresponding with a white female pacifist regarding the loss of his application for US citizenship by the army. During his Carmichael interview, he is noted as saying that he could not be a witness to the speech that FBI was referencing as he was not present to which he was then asked to obtain a video of the speech to present to the FBI. While Salazar accepted, he did so under the notion that he would publicize the fact that the FBI was looking for the tape.[7] As they feared the civil unrest this could cause if publicized, the FBI rescinded their request. Due to the fact that the FBI and the LAPD correlated civil unrest with communism, and Salazar reported at many events where civil unrest occurred, he was viewed in his files as a communist. While Salazar was in fact critical of the Vietnam War, he was not a communist. LAPD also held files on Salazar specifically due to an article that Salazar wrote about the Chief of Police, Chief Davis, wherein he reported the fact that Davis referred to Mexican "tyranny and dictatorship".[7] While local and national law enforcement were displeased with Salazar's reporting, he continued to write articles advocating the rights of his people- the Chicano community.[7] DeathOn August 29, 1970, he was covering the National Chicano Moratorium March, organized to protest the Vietnam War, in which some believed that a disproportionate number of Latinos served and were killed. The march ended with a rally that was broken up by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department using tear gas. Panic and rioting ensued.[8] A coroner's inquest ruled the shooting of the tear gas canister a homicide, but Tom Wilson, the sheriff's deputy involved, was never prosecuted. At the time, many believed the homicide was a premeditated assassination of a prominent, vocal member of the Los Angeles Chicano community. The riot started when the owners of the Green Mill liquor store, located around the corner from the Silver Dollar Bar on Whittier Boulevard, called in a complaint about people stealing from them. Deputies responded and a fight broke out. Later on that day, cadets from the nearby Sheriff's Academy were bused to the area and marched into the park. A fight ensued, with the untrained cadets being beaten up. This led to more rioting. The Green Mill liquor store is still located at the same place on Whittier Boulevard. The owners later denied contacting the Sheriff's Department. Salazar was resting in the Silver Dollar Bar after the protest became violent. According to a witness, "Ruben Salazar had just sat down to sip a quiet beer at the bar, away from the madness in the street, when a deputy fired a tear gas projectile" at a crowd which went into the interior of the bar, hitting Salazar in the head and killing him instantly. The sheriff's deputy fired a 10-inch wall-piercing type of tear gas round from a tear gas guns of the type intended for barricade situations, rather than the type of tear gas round designed to be fired directly at people (which produces a plume of tear gas smoke). The deputy was found to have mistakenly loaded the wrong type of tear gas round, as the two types of cylinders were nearly identical. The story of Salazar's killing was the subject of "Strange Rumblings in Aztlan," a 1971 article by gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson for Rolling Stone magazine.[9] On February 22, 2011 the Office of Independent Review released a report of its examination of the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department records on the death of Salazar. After reviewing thousands of documents, the civilian watchdog agency concluded there is no evidence that sheriff's deputies intentionally targeted Salazar or had him under surveillance.[10] Although sheriff's deputy Thomas Wilson was identified as responsible for Salazar's death, he said that "he did not know, and under the circumstances was not concerned about, what kind of tear gas projectile he fired" at the time.[11] Salazar's death captured the attention of many activists within the Chicano movement as his death occurred at the hands of those whom the movement felt was a large cause of the marginalizing of Chicano communities. During meetings with the district attorney in regards to the incident that led to Salazar's death, many Chicanos attended to voice their support as well as show a united force against police brutality.[5] After several days of testimony, a coroner's jury returned with a split verdict, and no charges were filed by the District Attorney. Nevertheless, three years after Salazar's death, Los Angeles County reached a settlement of $700,000 with Salazar's family as a result of the sheriff's department not using "proper and lawful guidelines for the use of deadly force" during the march.[12][13] At the time, this was the highest settlement recorded in Los Angeles county history.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} Legacy and honors
See also{{Portal|Los Angeles|Latino and Hispanic American}}
References1. ^{{cite web|title=NNDB|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/961/000111628|publisher=NNDB.com|accessdate=2010-04-01}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/8/31/slain_latino_journalist_ruben_salazar_killed|title=Slain Latino Journalist Rubén Salazar, Killed 40 Years Ago in Police Attack|author=Juan Gonzalez|date=August 31, 2010|work=DemocracyNow.org|accessdate=September 3, 2010}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_15928350|title=Ruben Salazar killing left impact on Hispanics, journalism|author=Gustavo Reveles Acosta|date=August 29, 2010|work=El Paso Times|accessdate=September 3, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130110221358/http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_15928350|archivedate=January 10, 2013|df=}} 4. ^Pilar Marrero, "Homenaje al periodista angelino Rubén Salazar," La Opinión Newspaper, 22 April 2008. 5. ^1 2 García, M. T. (2015). The Chicano generation: Testimonios of the movement. University of California Press 6. ^{{cite news |title=Who Is A Chicano? And What Is It The Chicanos Want? |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=B7|date=February 6, 1970}} 7. ^1 2 Vigil, E. B. (1999). The crusade for justice: Chicano militancy and the government's war on dissent. The University of Wisconsin Press 8. ^{{cite book| title=Mi Raza Primero! (My People First!): Nationalism, Identity, and Insurgency in the Chicano Movement in Los Angeles, 1966-1978|author=Chavez, Ernesto | publisher=University of California Press | year=2002 |pages= 70}} 9. ^{{cite book |title= Fear and Loathing: The Strange and Terrible Saga of Hunter S. Thompson|last=Perry|first=Paul|year=2004|publisher= Thunder's Mouth Press|isbn=1-56025-605-2|pages=153–54}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-ruben-salazar-20110220,0,4311567.story|title=No evidence Ruben Salazar was targeted in killing, report says|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=February 19, 2011|accessdate=2011-02-20|author=Robert J. Lopez}} 11. ^Dave Smith and Paul Houston, "Deputy Says He Did Not Know Kind of Missile," Los Angeles Times, October 6, 1970. 12. ^{{cite news |last1=Lopez |first1=Robert J. |title=FBI Files Shed Little Light on Ruben Salazar's Death |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/nov/18/local/me-35015 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=November 18, 1999}} 13. ^{{cite book |title=AELE Law Enforcement Legal Liability Reporter |date=1973 |publisher=Law Enforcement Legal Defense Center, Americans for Effective Law Enforcement |page=22}} 14. ^{{cite news |title=Three Times Reporters Win Awards |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=A8|date=June 25, 1965}} 15. ^{{cite news |title=Times Assigns Second Reporter to Vietnam |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=A1|date= August 8, 1965}} 16. ^Notable Latino Americans: a biographical dictionary by Matt S. Meier, Conchita Franco Serri, Richard A. Garcia. Greenwood Press, 1997 {{ISBN|0-313-29105-5}} 17. ^{{cite book|title=A People's Guide to Los Angeles|author1=Laura Pulido|author2=Laura Barraclough|author3=Wendy Cheng|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley|year=2012|isbn=9780520270817|page=4}} 18. ^{{cite book|author=Oscar Acosta|title=The Revolt of the Cockroach People}} 19. ^Radio station KPCC 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2007/09/28/64253-ua-educator-succeeds-in-getting-stamp-for-hispanic-journalist/ |title= UA educator succeeds in getting stamp for Hispanic journalist |author= Sheryl Kornman |date= September 28, 2007|work= Tucson Citizen |accessdate=September 3, 2010}} 21. ^Documentary on Life, Not Death, of Ruben Salazar ABC News, 2014-04-29. 22. ^[https://www.pbs.org/program/ruben-salazar-man-middle/ Ruben Salazar: Man in the Middle] PBS, 2014-04-29. External links
18 : American male journalists|American newspaper reporters and correspondents|American columnists|Mexican emigrants to the United States|University of Texas at El Paso alumni|American writers of Mexican descent|Los Angeles Times people|1928 births|1970 deaths|Deaths by firearm in California|People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States|Hispanic and Latino American journalists|Police brutality in the United States|Journalists killed in the United States|People from Ciudad Juárez|Crimes in California|20th-century American non-fiction writers|20th-century American male writers |
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