1. Early life

2. Background

3. Integration

4. Adult life

5. Awards and honors

6. Works

7. See also

8. Further reading

9. References

10. External links

Ruby Nell Bridges Hall (born September 8, 1954) is an American civil rights activist. She was the first African-American child to desegregate the all-white William Frantz Elementary School in Louisiana during the New Orleans school desegregation crisis in 1960.^[1][2] She is the subject of a 1964 painting, The Problem We All Live With, by Norman Rockwell.

Early life

Ruby Bridges was the oldest of five children born to Abon and Lucille Bridges.^[3] As a child, she spent much time taking care of her younger siblings,^[4] though she also enjoyed playing jump rope, softball and climbing trees.^[5] When she was four years old, the family relocated from Tylertown, Mississippi, where Ruby was born, to New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1960, when she was six years old, her parents responded to a request from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and volunteered her to participate in the integration of the New Orleans school system, even though her father was hesitant.^[6]

Background

Ruby was born during the middle of the Civil Rights Movement. Brown v. Board of Education was decided eight months and nine days after Ruby’s birth.^[7] The famous court ruling declared the process of separating schools for black children and white children unconstitutional. Though the Brown v. Board of Education decision was finalized in 1954, southern states were extremely resistant to the decision that they must integrate for the six following years.^[3] Many white people did not want schools to be integrated and, though it was a federal ruling, state governments were not doing their part in enforcing the new laws. In 1957, federal troops stationed in Little Rock, Arkansas were ordered to combat violence that occurred as a result of the decision.^[7] Under significant pressure from the federal government, the Orleans Parish School Board administered an entrance exam to students at Ruby’s school with the intention of keeping black people out of white schools.

Integration

Bridges attended a segregated kindergarten in 1959.^[3] In early 1960, Bridges was one of six black children in New Orleans to pass the test that determined whether they could go to the all-white William Frantz Elementary School. Two of the six decided to stay at their old school, Bridges went to Frantz by herself, and three children were transferred to McDonogh No. 19 and became known as the McDonogh Three. Bridges and her mother were escorted to school by four federal marshals during the first day that Bridges attended William Frantz Elementary. In the following days of that year, federal marshals continue to escort Ruby, though her mom stayed behind to take care of her younger siblings.^[3]

Ruby's father was initially reluctant, but her mother felt strongly that the move was needed not only to give her own daughter a better education, but to "take this step forward [...] for all African-American children". Her mother finally convinced her father to let her go to the school.^[8]

Judge J. Skelly Wright's court order for the first day of integrated schools in New Orleans on Monday, November 14, 1960, was commemorated by Norman Rockwell in the painting, The Problem We All Live With (published in Look magazine on January 14, 1964).^[9] As Bridges describes it, "Driving up I could see the crowd, but living in New Orleans, I actually thought it was Mardi Gras. There was a large crowd of people outside of the school. They were throwing things and shouting, and that sort of goes on in New Orleans at Mardi Gras."^[9] Former United States Deputy Marshal Charles Burks later recalled, "She showed a lot of courage. She never cried. She didn't whimper. She just marched along like a little soldier, and we're all very very proud of her."^[10]

As soon as Bridges entered the school, white parents pulled their own children out; all the teachers except for one refused to teach while a black child was enrolled. Only one person agreed to teach Ruby and that was Barbara Henry, from Boston, Massachusetts, and for over a year Henry taught her alone, "as if she were teaching a whole class."

That first day, Bridges and her mother spent the entire day in the principal's office; the chaos of the school prevented their moving to the classroom until the second day. On the second day, however, a white student broke the boycott and entered the school when a 34-year-old Methodist minister, Lloyd Anderson Foreman, walked his 5-year-old daughter Pam through the angry mob, saying, "I simply want the privilege of taking my child to school ..." A few days later, other white parents began bringing their children, and the protests began to subside.^[2][11] Yet, still, Ruby remained the only child in her class, as she would until the following year. Every morning, as Bridges walked to school, one woman would threaten to poison her, while another held up a black baby doll in a coffin;^[12] because of this, the U.S. Marshals dispatched by President Eisenhower, who were overseeing her safety, allowed Ruby to eat only the food that she brought from home.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

The Bridges family suffered for their decision to send her to William Frantz Elementary: her father lost his job as a gas station attendant;^[14] the grocery store the family shopped at would no longer let them shop there; her grandparents, who were sharecroppers in Mississippi, were turned off their land; and Abon and Lucille Bridges separated.^[20] Ruby Bridges has noted that many others in the community, both black and white, showed support in a variety of ways. Some white families continued to send their children to Frantz despite the protests, a neighbor provided her father with a new job, and local people babysat, watched the house as protectors, and walked behind the federal marshals' car on the trips to school.^[9][15] It wasn't until Bridges was an adult that she learned that the immaculate clothing she wore to school in those first weeks at Frantz was sent to her family by a relative of Dr. Coles. Bridges says her family could never have afforded the dresses, socks, and shoes that are documented in photographs of her escort by U.S. Marshals to and from the school.^[13]

Adult life

Bridges, now Ruby Bridges Hall, still lives in New Orleans with her husband, Malcolm Hall, and their four sons.^[14] After graduating from a desegregated high school, she worked as a travel agent for 15 years and later became a full-time parent.^[3] She is now chair of the Ruby Bridges Foundation, which she formed in 1999 to promote "the values of tolerance, respect, and appreciation of all differences". Describing the mission of the group, she says, "racism is a grown-up disease and we must stop using our children to spread it."^[16]

Bridges Hall is the subject of the Lori McKenna song "Ruby's Shoes".^[17] Her childhood struggle at William Frantz Elementary School was portrayed in the 1998 made-for-TV movie Ruby Bridges. The young Ruby Bridges was portrayed by actress Chaz Monet, and the movie also featured Lela Rochon as Ruby's mother, Lucille "Lucy" Bridges; Michael Beach as Ruby's father, Abon Bridges; Penelope Ann Miller as Ruby's teacher, Mrs. Henry; and Kevin Pollak as Dr. Robert Coles.^[18]

Like hundreds of thousands of others in the greater New Orleans area, Bridges Hall lost her home (in Eastern New Orleans) to the catastrophic flooding in the failure of the levee system during Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Hurricane Katrina also significantly damaged William Frantz Elementary School, and Ruby played a significant role in fighting for the school to remain open.^[19]

In November 2007, the Children's Museum of Indianapolis unveiled a new permanent exhibit documenting her life, along with the lives of Anne Frank and Ryan White. The exhibit, called "The Power of Children: Making a Difference", cost $6 million to install and includes an authentic re-creation of Bridges' first grade classroom.^[20]

In 2010, Ruby had a 50th year reunion at William Frantz Elementary with Pam Foreman Testroet, who, at age five, was the first white child to break the boycott that ensued from Bridges' attendance at that school.^[2]

On July 15, 2011, Bridges met with President Barack Obama at the White House, and while viewing the Norman Rockwell painting of her on display he told her, "I think it's fair to say that if it hadn't been for you guys, I might not be here and we wouldn't be looking at this together".^[21] The Rockwell painting was displayed in the West Wing of the White House, just outside the Oval Office, from June through October 2011.^[22]

Awards and honors

In September 1995, Ruby Bridges Hall and Robert Coles were awarded honorary degrees from Connecticut College and appeared together in public for the first time to accept the awards.^[23]

Bridges' Through My Eyes won the Carter G. Woodson Book Award in 2000.^[24]

On January 8, 2001, Bridges Hall was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton.^[25]

In October 2006, the Alameda Unified School District in California named a new elementary school for Ruby Bridges,^[26] and issued a proclamation in her honor. In November 2006 she was honored as a "Hero Against Racism" at the 12th annual Anti-Defamation League "Concert Against Hate" with the National Symphony Orchestra, held at the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC.^[27]

On May 19, 2012, Bridges Hall received an Honorary Degree from Tulane University at the annual graduation ceremony at the Superdome.^[28]

In 2014, a statue of Bridges was unveiled in the courtyard of William Frantz Elementary School.^[29]

Works

• {{cite book |last=Bridges|first=Ruby |year=1999 |title=Through My Eyes|edition=1st|location=New York, NY |publisher=Scholastic Press|isbn=0590189239|oclc=40588556}}
• {{cite book |last=Bridges|first=Ruby |year=2009 |title=Ruby Bridges Goes To School: My True Story |url= |location=New York, NY |publisher=Scholastic Press|isbn=9780545108553|oclc=230915434}}

See also

• Ruby Bridges, 1998 made-for-TV movie

Further reading

• Coles, Robert. The Story of Ruby Bridges, Scholastic Press, 1995. ({{ISBN|0590572814}})
• Devlin, Rachel. A Girl Stands at the Door: The Generation of Young Women Who Desegregated America’s Schools, Basic Books, 2018 ({{ISBN|9781541697331}})
• Steinbeck, John. Travels with Charley in Search of America, Viking Adult, 1962. ({{ISBN|0670725080}})

References

External links

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120511191615/http://www.rubybridges.com/ The Ruby Bridges Foundation]
• The Problem We All Live With
• Ruby's Shoes at Songfacts.com
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20140108051301/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09faLq3wT8c Ruby Bridges] (1998 TV movie)

• The Charge of the mamelukes
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