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释义 |
Rudraksha (IAST:{{IAST|Rudrākṣa}}) is a seed traditionally used as prayer beads in Hinduism (especially Shaivism). Rudraksha bead are covered by an outer shell of blue color on fully ripening, hence also called blueberry beads.[1] The seed is produced by several species of large evergreen broad-leaved tree in the genus Elaeocarpus, with Elaeocarpus ganitrus roxb being the principal specie.[2] They are associated with the Hindu deity Lord Shiva and are commonly worn for protection and chanting Om Namah Shivaya mantra by devotees. The seeds are primarily used in India and Nepal as beads for organic jewellery and malas and are valued similarly to semi-precious stones. Various meanings and potencies are attributed to beads with different numbers of segments (faces/mukh) and rare or unique beads are highly prized and valuable. EtymologyRudraksha is a Sanskrit compound word consisting of the Rudra (Sanskrit: रुद्र) and {{IAST|akṣa}} (Sanskrit: अक्ष ).[3][4] Rudra is one of Lord Shiva's vedic names and Akṣa means 'teardrops'. So it means Lord Rudra's (Lord Shiva's) teardrops. There are other sources like Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami and Kamal Narayan Seetha who describes Akṣa as eye. So meaning of Rudraksha could also constitutes as "Eye of Lord Shiva" or "Eye of Rudra". [5][6][7] Significance and spiritual useRudraksha term is used both for the berries themselves and as a term for the type of mala made from them.[8] There is a long tradition of wearing Rudraksha beads[9] in India, particularly among Shaivism, due to their association with Lord Shiva. Lord Shiva himself wears rudraksha garlands. Om Namah Shivaya mantra is repeated (japa) using the rudraksha beads.[10] Rudraksha malas have been used by Hindus as rosaries from at least the 10th century [11] for meditation purposes and to sanctify the mind, body and soul. Rudraksha beads may be strung together as a {{IAST|mala}} and used to count the repetition of a mantra or prayer, similar to the use of rosaries in Christianity. Most garlands contain 108 beads plus one, as 108 is considered sacred and a suitable number of times to recite a short mantra. The extra bead, called the "Meru", {{IAST|bindu}} or "guru bead", helps mark the beginning and end of a cycle of 108, as well as having symbolic value as a 'principle' bead. While counting the mala the meru should not be overtaken but when meru is reached then mala is recited in reverse order. Recitation should be done after covering the mala and it should not touch the ground. After recitation mala should be kept in cotton bag. Rudraksha mala's usually contain beads in following combination: 27+1, 54+1 or 108+1. 54+1 needs to be recited twice for one complete round. 27+1 needs to be recited four times for one complete round. It is possible to carry a single seed or several seeds strung on the same thread. Devi-Bhagavata Purana describes preparation of rudraksha mala.[12] Rudraksha till 14 mukhi found reference in Shiva Purana, Padma Purana, Devi-Bhagavata Purana, Skanda Purana etc.[13] The beads are commonly strung in silk or in a black or red cotton thread. Less often, jewellers may use copper, silver or gold wires[14][15] though the rudraksha may be damaged if strung too tightly. Siam island Rudraksha has only 3 & 4-mukhi beads with rarest exceptions and all-year season of fruits. Rudrakshas there spread mainly by 1 more auspicious form of Rudra - "KanKhao, or fruit flying foxes".[16] INTACH planting thousands of Rudraksha trees in Himalayas of Northern India in 2018, following the plan of detailed research.[17] Description of the treeElaeocarpus ganitrus roxb grows 60-80 feet and are found from the Gangetic plain in the foothills of the Himalayas to Southeast Asia, India, Nepal, Indonesia, New Guinea to Australia, Guam,Hawaii,[18] China, Taiwan, parts of Malaysia and Java(Indonesia). Out of 300 species of Elaeocarpus 35 are found in India.[19]Rudraksha seeds are covered by an outer husk of blue when fully ripe, and for this reason are also known as blueberry beads. The blue color is not derived from pigment but is structural.[20] It is an evergreen tree that grows quickly. The Rudraksha tree starts bearing fruit in three to four years from germination. As the tree matures, the roots form buttresses, rising up near the trunk and radiating out along the surface of the ground. General information on the Rudraksha tree: found from sea level up to 3000m above. The Rudraksha tree grows in a narrow space, not on open ground. Its leaves resemble those of tamarind or nux vomica, but are longer. It yields one to two thousand fruits annually. These fruits are also known as Amritphala (Fruits of Nectar).[21] Type of Rudraksha beadsRudraksha bead are found in from 1 to 21 mukhi. Recently 27 mukhi rudraksha was found in Nepal. 80% of all rudraksha are 4, 5 (most common) and 6 mukhi. 1 mukhi is rarest bead. Rudraksha from Nepal are of bigger size (25-30 mm) and Indonesian rudraksha are smaller in size(4-12 mm). Rudraksha are available in white, red, brown (most common), yellow and black color. There are special type of rudraksha available like Gauri Shankar (two Rudraksha are naturally joined), Ganesha (a Rudraksha having trunk like protrusion on its body), Sawar (a Gauri Shankar in which one bead has only one line or Mukh), Trijuti (three Rudraksha-beads joined naturally) and the rare ones like Ved (4 Sawars on a bead), Dwaita (Two sawars on the bead etc).[22] Surface texture of rudraksha beadA Rudraksha's surface should be hard and the projections should be well grooved, as found in most of the Nepalese Rudrakshas. Indonesian Rudraksha has a different appearance. Rudraksha from India shows very high and deeply grooved projections resembling natural deep hills and valleys. Fake rudrakshaMost faked rudraksha are 1 mukhi due to its rarity. A variety of rudraksha called 1 mukhi half-moon is thus sold in its place which is genuine and more easily available version of 1 mukhi rudraksha. 1 mukhi is faked using berries and Areca nut. Also some suppliers sell fake rudraksha which have serpent, trishula, Shiva-lingam etc carved on them. A real rudraksha does not have these markings. Fake rudraksha are also made by carving extra lines on lower mukhi rudraksha to obtain the rare and higher priced higher-mukhi rudraksha or by hiding lines to make a rarer lower mukhi rudraksha. Also fake Gauri Shankar rudraksha is made by gluing together two rudraksha beads. To recognize real rudraksha many technique are used like sinking and floating of rudraksha as well as revolving rudraksha in between two copper coins. But these are not correct criteria. Some techniques which helps:-
CompositionThe Rudraksha fruit have many phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, triterpenes, carbohydrates and cardiac glycosides. It contain rudrakine, a new found alkaloid[25] Uses of RudrakshaRudraksha exhibit pharmacological properties that include anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative, antidepressant, anti-asthmatic, hypoglycemia, antihypertensive, smooth muscle relaxant, hydrocholeretic, antiulcerogenic and anticonvulsant.[26][27] In Ayurveda the bead, bark and leaves of Rudraksha are used for treating various ailments like mental disorders, headache, fever, skin diseases etc. It is used for treating cough, breathing problems, controlling epilepsy, liver related problems, jaundice, stomachache, high blood pressure, improving memory power, controlling brain fever, doing blood purification, having antibacterial effect and is used on burns. Rudraksha fruits are thermogenic, sedative, is used against cough, bronchitis, neuralgia, cephalagia, Anorexia, migraine, manic conditions and other brain disorders. The flesh or pulp of drupe is given in epilepsy, diseases of head and in mental illness.[28] Mention of Rudraksha in Scriptures
Meaning: Sage Guha replied: (It is made of any one of the following 10 materials) Coral, Pearl, Crystal, Conch, Silver, Gold, Sandal, Putra-Jivika, Lotus or Rudraksha. Each head must be devoted and thought of as presided over by the deities of Akara to Kshakara. Golden thread should bind the beads through the holes. On its right silver (caps) and left copper. The face of a bead should face, the face of another head and tail, the tail. Thus a circular formation must be made.[30]
Meaning: Sage Sanatkumara approached Lord Kalagni Rudra and asked him, "Lord, kindly explain me the method of wearing Rudraksha." What he told him was, "Rudraksha became famous by that name because initially, it was produced from the eyes of Rudra. During the time of destruction and after the act of destruction, when Rudra closed his eye of destruction, Rudraksha was produced from that eye. That is the Rudraksha property of Rudraksha. Just by touching and wearing this Rudraksha, one gets the same effect of giving in charity one thousand cows."[32]
Meaning: He should count using a rosary(mala) whose beads are either made of tulsi plant or use rudraksha.[34]
Meaning: After prostrating before the celebrated form of Sri Mahadeva-Rudra in his heart, adoring the sacred Bhasma and Rudraksha and mentally reciting the great Mahavakya-Mantra, Tarasara, Sage Shuka asked his father Geat Sage Vyasa [36]
Meaning: Sage Bhusunda questioned Lord Kalagni-Rudra: What is the beginning of Rudraksha beads? What is the benefit of wearing them on the body? Lord Kalagni-Rudra answered him thus: I closed my eyes for the sake of destroying the Tripurasura. From my eyes thus closed, drops of water fell on the earth. These drops of tears turned into Rudrakshas. By the mere utterance of the name of 'Rudraksha', one acquires the benefit of giving ten cows in charity. By seeing and touching it, one attains double that benefit. I am unable to praise it any more.[38]
Rudraksha beads (1 to 21 Mukhi){{Unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}
GallerySee also{{commons category|Rudraksha}}{{portal | Buddhism | Hinduism | Jainism | Sikhism }}{{div col |colwidth=12em}}
References1. ^{{Cite journal|title=Pharmacognostic and antifungal investigations of Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudrakasha) | pmc=2929793 | pmid=20838538 | doi=10.4103/0250-474X.65021 | volume=72 | issue=2 | year=2010 | journal=Indian J Pharm Sci | pages=261–5 | last1 = Singh | first1 = B | last2 = Chopra | first2 = A | last3 = Ishar | first3 = MP | last4 = Sharma | first4 = A | last5 = Raj | first5 = T}} {{Worship in Hinduism}}Mala wąskolistna2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/v34-1/10.pdf|title=Elaeocarpus Ganitrus (Rudraksha): A Reservoir Plant with their Pharmacological Effects|last=|first=|date=2015|website=globalresearchonline.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 3. ^The translation of {{IAST|rudrākṣa}} as "Rudra's Teardrops" and definition as berries of Elaeocarpus ganitrus see: Stutley, p. 119. 4. ^{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography|last=Stutley|first=M.|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|year=1985|isbn=978-81-215-1087-5|location=New Delhi, India}} 5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/dancing-with-siva/web/glossary_c.html|title=Dancing with Siva|last=Subramuniyaswami|first=Sivaya|publisher=|year=1997|isbn=9780945497974|location=USA|at=Search for "Rudraksha"in the page}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://rashiratanjaipur.net/rudraksha|title=Rudraksha|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://ia800106.us.archive.org/34/items/PowerOfRudrakshaKamalNarayanSeetha2005/Power%20Of%20Rudraksha%20Kamal%20Narayan%20Seetha%202005.pdf|title=Power of Rudraksha|last=Seetha|first=Kamal Narayan|publisher=|isbn=9788179929810|location=|pages=16|date=2009-01-01}} 8. ^For use both to refer to the beads and to a {{IAST|mālā}} see: Apte, p. 804.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} 9. ^108 beads in number 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/dancing-with-siva/web/ch10_12.html|title=Dancing with Siva|website=www.himalayanacademy.com|access-date=2018-04-07}} 11. ^{{cite book|title=Rudraksha. Die Perlen der shivaitischen Gebetsschnur in altertümlichen und modernen Quellen|author=Laatsch, M.|publisher=Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München|year=2010|isbn=978-3-89975-411-7|location=Munich}} 12. ^{{Cite book|url=https://ia800106.us.archive.org/34/items/PowerOfRudrakshaKamalNarayanSeetha2005/Power%20Of%20Rudraksha%20Kamal%20Narayan%20Seetha%202005.pdf|title=Power of rudraksha|last=Seetha|first=Kamal Narayan|publisher=|year=2005|isbn=9788179929810|location=|pages=64–65}} 13. ^{{Cite book|url=https://ia800106.us.archive.org/34/items/PowerOfRudrakshaKamalNarayanSeetha2005/Power%20Of%20Rudraksha%20Kamal%20Narayan%20Seetha%202005.pdf|title=Power of Rudraskha|last=|first=|publisher=|year=2005|isbn=|location=|pages=15 and 20}} 14. ^For the five-division type as signifying Shiva's five faces and terminology {{IAST|pañcānana}}, see: Stutley, p. 119. 15. ^{{cite book|title=Power of Rudraksha|author=Seetha, K. N.|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7992-844-8|edition=4th|location=Mumbai, India|authorlink=Kamal Narayan Seetha}} 16. ^{{cite web |title=Rudraksha Island Research |url=http://www.rudraksha.life/en.html |website=Rudraksha Life}} 17. ^{{cite web |title=RUDRAKSH |url=http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Rudraksha.pdf |website=Indian National Trust For Art and Cultural Heritage |date=May 2016}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010513/spectrum/main3.htm|title=Bond with the beads|author=Koul, M. K.|date=2001-05-13|work=Spectrum|publisher=The Tribune|location=India}} 19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://ia800106.us.archive.org/34/items/PowerOfRudrakshaKamalNarayanSeetha2005/Power%20Of%20Rudraksha%20Kamal%20Narayan%20Seetha%202005.pdf|title=Power of Rudraksha|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 20. ^{{cite journal|author=Lee, D. W.|year=1991|title=Ultrastructural Basis and Function of Iridescent Blue Color of Fruits in Elaeocarpus|journal=Nature|volume=349|issue=6306|pages=260–262|doi=10.1038/349260a0}} 21. ^Source : Sanatan's Holy text Shiva 22. ^{{Cite book|title=Power of rudraksha|last=Seetha|first=Kamal Narayan|publisher=|year=2005|isbn=9788179929810|location=India|pages=15, 20 and 21}} 23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.rudraksha-ratna.com/articles/fakerudraksha|title=Fake Rudraksha}} 24. ^{{Cite book|url=https://ia800106.us.archive.org/34/items/PowerOfRudrakshaKamalNarayanSeetha2005/Power%20Of%20Rudraksha%20Kamal%20Narayan%20Seetha%202005.pdf|title=Power of Rudraksha|last=Seetha|first=Kamal Narayan|publisher=|year=2005|isbn=978-8179928448|location=India|pages=23–25}} 25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/v34-1/10.pdf|title=Elaeocarpus Ganitrus (Rudraksha): A Reservoir Plant with their Pharmacological Effects|last=|first=|date=|website=|page=57|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 26. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268224579|title=A Review on Medicinal Properties of Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb.ex G. Don. (Elaeocarpaceae)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 27. ^{{Cite web|url=http://globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/v34-1/10.pdf|title=Elaeocarpus Ganitrus (Rudraksha): A Reservoir Plant with their Pharmacological Effects|last=|first=|authorlink=58|date=|website=|pages=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 28. ^{{Cite web|url=http://globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/v34-1/10.pdf|title=Elaeocarpus Ganitrus (Rudraksha): A Reservoir Plant with their Pharmacological Effects|last=|first=|date=|website=|pages=58|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/akshamalika.pdf|title=AkShamalika Upanishad sanskrit\\|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 30. ^{{Cite web|url=http://yousigma.com/religionandphilosophy/akshamalika.html|title=AkShamalika Upanishad english|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/brihajjabala.html?lang=sa|title=Brihat-Jabala Upanishad sanskrit|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 32. ^{{Cite web|url=http://yousigma.com/religionandphilosophy/brihadjabala.html|title=Brihad Jabala Upanishad english|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 33. ^{{Cite web|url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/ramarahasya.html?lang=sa|title=shrIRamarahasya Upanishad sanskrit|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 34. ^{{Cite web|url=http://yousigma.com/religionandphilosophy/ramarahasya.html|title=Rama Rahasya Upanishad english|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 35. ^{{Cite web|url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/rudrahridaya.html?lang=sa|title=Rudrahridaya Upanishad sanskrit|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 36. ^{{Cite web|url=http://yousigma.com/religionandphilosophy/rudrahridaya.html|title=Rudra Hridaya Upanishad english|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 37. ^{{Cite web|url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/rudrakshajabala.pdf|title=rudrakshajabala sanskrit|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 38. ^{{Cite web|url=http://yousigma.com/religionandphilosophy/rudrakshajabala.html|title=Rudraksha Jabala Upanishad english|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 39. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/dancing-with-siva/web/ch08_15a.html|title=Dancing with Siva|last=|first=|publisher=Himalayan Academy|year=1997|isbn=9788120832657|location=|pages=}} 40. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/dancing-with-siva/web/ch10_15a.html|title=Dancing with Siva|last=|first=|publisher=Himalayan Academy|year=1997|isbn=9780945497479|location=|pages=}} 6 : Hindu plant worship|Prayer beads|Decorative fruits and seeds|Elaeocarpus|Plants used in Ayurveda|Articles containing video clips |
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