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词条 Iris histrioides
释义

  1. Description

     Biochemistry 

  2. Taxonomy

  3. Distribution and habitat

     Range  Habitat 

  4. Conservation

  5. Cultivation

  6. Cultivars known

  7. Subspecies

  8. Toxicity

  9. Uses

  10. References

  11. Other sources

  12. External links

{{italic title}}{{taxobox
|name = Iris histrioides
|image = Iris histrioides.jpg
|regnum = Plantae
|unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
|unranked_classis = Monocots
|ordo = Asparagales
|familia = Iridaceae
|subfamilia = Iridoideae
|tribus = Irideae
|genus = Iris
|subgenus = Hermodactyloides
|species = I. histrioides
|binomial = Iris histrioides
|binomial_authority = (G.F. Wilson) S. Arn.
|synonyms = {{Species list
|Iridodictyum histrioides |(G.F.Wilson) Nothdurft
|Iris histrioides var. sophenensis |(Foster) Dykes
|Iris reticulata var. histrioides |G.F.Wilson
|Iris reticulata var. sophenensis |Foster [1]}}
}}

Iris histrioides, (also known as 'Orchis Iris', ‘winter iris’ and 'Harput iris') is a species in the genus Iris, and in the subgenus of Hermodactyloides. It is a bulbous perennial, that is native to Turkey, and has blue scented flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, and has many known cultivars.

Description

It is similar in form to Iris histrio, but with flowers a deeper shade of blue,[2] and shorter stem.[3]

It has bulbs which are coated with a solid brown fibrous network.[4]

It has leaves that grow up to {{convert|40|-|50|cm|abbr=on}} high,[3][5] and are squarish in cross section, thicker than in other Reticulatas.[3] They appear after the flowers have bloomed or sometimes as they open.[3][4][6]

It has a very very short stem.[4]

The flower is about {{convert|6|-|7|cm|abbr=on}} tall.[5][7][8]

It blooms in early spring, normally January,[5] or February.[4]

It has flowers that vary in shade from bright blue to violet.[4][7][9]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[10]{{rp|17}} The falls have a yellow signal, with many black spots,[4][7][8] also they have a yellow ridge.[7][8] The flowers can last up to a week on the plant, depending on the weather.[4]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[10]{{rp|18}} It has been counted several times. As 2n=17 by Randolph & Mitra in 1959, 2n=16 by Johnson & Mathew in 1989 and 2n=16+1B, Johnson & Brandham in 1997.[11]

It is normal stated as 2n=16,[4] or 2n=17.[7]

Taxonomy

It is sometimes known as the 'Orchis Iris',[12][13] ‘winter iris’,[14] or 'Harput iris',[2] after the Turkish city of Harput.[15]

It was first published as Iris reticulata var. histrioides and described by G.F.Wilson in Gardeners' Chronicles ser.3 Vol.9 n page 117 in 1891.[11] In 1892, in the 'Journal of Horticulture' Vol.III Issue 24 on page 121, Samuel Arnott republished it as Iris histrioides.[16]

The specific epithet histrioides, refers to resembling Iris histrio.[4][17]

Iris histrioides was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 3 April 2003, then updated on 1 December 2004.[18]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to Europe.[18]

Range

It is found in Asia minor,[2] or Turkey,[4][19] near Amasya.[7]

Habitat

It commonly grows on the mountain slopes,[14][3] within pine forests,[3] at an altitude of {{convert|1500|m}} above sea level.[3][19][4]

Conservation

It was on the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants.[20]

Cultivation

It is hardy species,[8] to between USDA Zone: 5 - 8.[21] It is hardier than Iris histrio.[3] But be planted in well drained soils, to protect from summer rains which will rot of the bulb.[4]

It is suitable for a rock or gravel garden or front of border.[22] It likes rocky soils that dry out completely in summer.[4]

Once the bulb has been planted, it can take many years to reach flowering size. Also it has the habit of the main bulb splitting into many bulblets, that can take many years to reach flowering size.[23]

Grows well outside but also good in the alpine house. This species is represented in cultivation by several cultivars [3]

Cultivars known

  • Iris Angel Tears' (blue with a honey mark on white ground with a small yellow vein),[8]
  • Iris 'George' (purple),[19]
  • Iris 'Katharine Hodgkin'(light blue standards, pale yellow falls, a 1960s hybrid of Iris histrioides and the primrose-yellow Iris winogradowii),[24]
  • Iris 'Harmony' (light blue, a hybrid between I. histrioides and Iris reticulata),[19]
  • Iris 'Joyce' (deep blue falls and sky blue standards),[25]
  • Iris 'Lady Beatrice Stanley' (dark blue or pale-blue flowers and a mass of dark spotting on the falls),[19][26]
  • Iris 'Major' (royal blue),[19][27]
  • Iris 'Pauline' (light blue, a hybrid between I. histrioides and I. reticulata),[19]

Subspecies

  • Iris histrioides var. sophenensis also, from Turkey is deep violet-blue with little veining or spotting, narrow petals and a yellow ridge.[28]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[29]

Uses

Iris histrioides and Iris persica L. have been used as food ingredients in Turkey.[30]

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=Iris histrioides (G.F.Wilson) S.Arn. is an accepted name |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-329537 |publisher=theplantlist.org (The Plant List)|accessdate=7 April 2015}}
2. ^1 2 Donald Wyman {{Google books|XSExQDJtQ7AC|Wyman's Gardening Encyclopedia|page=576}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web |title=Iris aphylla |url=http://encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Iris/aphylla |publisher=encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net |accessdate=22 August 2015}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite web |title=Chapter III bulbous irises |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-iii-iris-bulbeux-71708991.html |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |accessdate=17 February 2018}}
5. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Stebbings |first=Geoff |year=1997 |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises |location=Newton Abbot |publisher=David and Charles |page=66 |isbn=0715305395 |accessdate= }}
6. ^James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) {{Google books|CkxWrDqtWLQC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification|page=647}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=23 November 2014}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|title=Reticulata Irises |date=11 May 2014|url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/ReticulataIrises| publisher=www.pacificbulbsociety.org | accessdate=14 July 2014}}
9. ^Christopher Bricknell (Editor) {{Google books|SrKI3yLz4ZQC|Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers 7th Edition (1994)|page=612}}
10. ^1 {{cite book |first=Claire |last=Austin |title=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia |year=2005 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0-88192-730-9}}
11. ^1 {{cite web |first=Bob |last=Pries |title=(SPEC) Iris histrioides (G.F.Wilson) Arnott |date=4 December 2016 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/Spec/SpecHistrioides |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society) |accessdate=18 February 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=A Sure Cure for Winter Blues|date=7 April 2014|url=http://www.annarborgardener.com/2014_04_01_archive.html |publisher=annarborgardener.com|accessdate=25 June 2014}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Orchid iris|url=http://myfolia.com/plants/5550-orchid-iris-iris-histrioides |publisher=myfolia.com|accessdate=25 June 2014}}
14. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Haworth|first1=Nick|title=Winter iris bring a touch of blue|url=http://www.thegardenhouse.org.uk/winter-iris/|publisher=thegardenhouse.org|accessdate=17 February 2018}}
15. ^Dan H. Meckenstock {{google books|otggqXHrZtgC|Breeding Red Irises|page=41}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Iris histrioides (G.F.Wilson) S.Arn. |year=2010 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-329537 |publisher=theplantlist.org |accessdate=27 June 2014}}
17. ^D. Gledhill {{Google books|NJ6PyhVuecwC|The Names of Plants|page=220}}
18. ^1 {{GRIN | accessdate=18 February 2018}}
19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite news|first=Val | last=Bourne| date=26 January 2002|title=How to grow: Reticulate irises|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/howtogrow/3296957/How-to-grow-Reticulate-irises.html|publisher=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=24 June 2014}}
20. ^Kerry Scott Walter, Harriet J. Gillett (Editors) {{Google books|XIL9adYYeSIC|1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants|page=679}}
21. ^{{cite web| title=IRIS histrioides| url=http://www.learn2grow.com/plants/iris-histrioides/ |publisher=learn2grow.com |accessdate=27 June 2014}}
22. ^Chester-Davis, Leah {{Google books|8qEYmYlCJdcC|The Successful Gardener|page=83}}
23. ^{{cite web|title= Iris |year=2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/422.shtml |publisher=bbc.co.uk|accessdate=19 June 2014}}
24. ^{{cite news|first=John | last=Hoyland | date=22 February 2008 |title=Iris 'Katharine Hodgkin': How to grow |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/howtogrow/3346873/Iris-Katharine-Hodgkin-How-to-grow.html |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=27 June 2014}}
25. ^{{cite book|first=David | last=Joyce| title=Garden Plant Selector| page=297 |publisher=Ryland Peters, London| isbn=9781900518529}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Iris histrioides ‘Lady Beatrix Stanley’|url=https://lambley.com.au/plant/iris-histrioides-lady-beatrix-stanley|publisher=lambley.com.au|accessdate=17 February 2018}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=Iris histrioides 'Major'|url=http://rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=1040 |publisher=rhs.org.uk|accessdate=27 June 2014}}
28. ^Stuart Max Walters (Editor){{Google books|1dd5M-ToXAcC|The European Garden Flora: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated |page=354}}
29. ^David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske {{Google books|a7-f66fRfzQC|Toxicity of Houseplants|page=236}}
30. ^{{cite web|first1=Nezahat |last1=KANDEMÜR |first2=Ali |last2=ENGÜN |date=5 January 1999 |title=An Autecological Study on Iris histrioides Foster (Iridaceae) Distributed in the Central Black Sea Region|url=http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/issues/bot-00-24-6/bot-24-6-5-9902-1.pdf|publisher=journals.tubitak.gov.tr |accessdate=25 June 2014}}

Other sources

  • Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource on www.skud.info). 2012 (Kulturvaxtdatabas)
  • Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965-1988 (F Turk)
  • Mathew, B. The Iris. 1981 (Iris) 175-176.

External links

  • {{Commons category-inline|Iris histrioides}}
  • {{Wikispecies-inline|Iris histrioides}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1746558}}

3 : Iris (plant)|Flora of European Turkey|Plants described in 1892
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