| 词条 | Irreligion in Lebanon |
| 释义 |
Lebanon's last official population census - taken in 1932 during the French Mandate of Greater Lebanon - states that 0% of the Lebanese population is atheist. Consequently, none of the government's parliamentary seats are reserved for that share of the electorate.[6] Most modern estimates still do not include any atheist communities or districts in Lebanon. Atheists may not marry in Lebanon as marriage must be performed in either a Church or a Mosque.[7] Publicly blaspheming God is punishable with a minimum of 1 month up to 1 year of prison time according to article 473 of the Penal Code of Lebanon. The exact wording of the clause is that "blaspheming God publicly" is illegal. In addition, disrespecting Christianity or Islam is punishable by a minimum of 3 years to a maximum of 6 years of jail time according to article 474 of the Penal Code.[8] Life in Lebanon is largely divided along sectarian lines. Schools, housing, and political parties are generally segregated along religious lines. For example, East Beirut is and West Beirut are almost exclusively Christian and Muslim, respectively.[9] Muslims and Christians have different civil codes, meaning that the punishment for a crime and other civil procedure (like divorce) may be different for a Christian than a Muslim.[10] Irreligion in the Lebanese GovernmentThe Lebanese government is structured around the unofficial National Pact. It is a multiconfessionalist government, meaning parliamentary seats are reserved for certain religious groups. The Pact used data from the 1932 census, which counted 0 atheists in Lebanon. It stipulated that (among other things):
The 4th point of the Agreement was changed by the Taif Agreement (1989), and the parliament's new structure gave Muslims and Christians equal representation. Although the new agreement used more recent data, it still gave no reserved seats for atheists in any governmental post. While the confessionalist nature of the government was supposed to be temporary,[11] it was expanded by future constitutional amendments and is still in full force today. Student organisations{{main article|Secularism in Lebanon}}In recent years, there has been some calls by student groups for Lebanese society to become more secular. One such group, "Laique Pride" (after the French concept of laicité) advocates for an end to the confessional government in favour of a secular one. After In 2011, they held a rally in Beirut on the 27 of February.[12] The university with the most student activists for secularism in the government is the American University in Beirut (AUB).[13] One of the organisations there is the Secular Club, which was set up after the 2008 conflict. Its goal, according to former president Joumana Talhouk, is "“to create a political space where people from different social and sectarian backgrounds can unite under common principles.”[14] Another example of student activism is the far-left Red Oak Club. According to former president Theresa Sahyoun, the Red Oak Club and the Secular Club managed to find “common ground” and endorse the August 2016 Martyrs’ Square protest organized by Laïque Pride. Opposition to irreligionThe overwhelming majority of the Lebanese population is against the removal of religion in the public/private sphere.[15] Both Christians and Muslims generally prefer to keep the Lebanese government divided along sectarian lines to increase their influence.[9] Following Ghadi Darwish being the first child born in Lebanon without a designated sect, the Sunni Grand Mufti of Lebanon issued a fatwa condemning civil marriage and calling the idea a "germ" in Lebanese society.[16] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite news|title= Asking a lebanese atheist about all this religious screaming|work= Vice|date=|url= https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/lebanon-gets-a-visit-from-the-pope-protesters-burn-down-kfc|accessdate=2013-09-28}} {{Asia topic|Irreligion in}}2. ^{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24725799 |title=Trending: The baby making history in Lebanon |website=Bbc.co.uk |date=2013-10-29 |accessdate=2015-11-11}} 3. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/30/baby-ghadi-religion_n_4178489.html |title=Baby Ghadi's Religion Isn't On His Birth Certificate, A First For Sectarian Lebanon |website=Huffingtonpost.com |date=2013-10-30 |accessdate=2015-11-11}} 4. ^{{cite web|last=Trianni |first=Francesca |url=http://world.time.com/2013/11/26/meet-the-baby-boy-who-defied-history-in-lebanon/ |title=Meet the Baby Boy Who Defied History in Lebanon | TIME.com |website=World.time.com |date=2013-11-26 |accessdate=2015-11-11}} 5. ^{{cite web|last=Pizzi |first=Michael |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/11/1/lebanon-s-first-sectlessbaby.html |title=Lebanese couple announces country's first 'sect-less' baby | Al Jazeera America |website=America.aljazeera.com |date=2013-11-01 |accessdate=2015-11-11}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/extra/LEBANESE%20CENSUS%201932.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-09-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602073901/http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/extra/LEBANESE%20CENSUS%201932.htm |archivedate=2013-06-02 |df= }} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://freethoughtreport.com/map/|title=Freedom of Thought Report - Maps|website=Jreethoughtreport.com|accessdate=6 November 2017}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://jurisdiarium.blogspot.ch/2007/11/code-pnal-libanais.html|title=Code pénal libanais|website=Jurisdiarium.blogspot.ch|accessdate=6 November 2017}} 9. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://fanack.com/religions/christians-in-lebanon/|title=In Lebanon, Christians Remain Politically Powerful - Fanack.com|publisher=|accessdate=9 November 2017}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/in-lebanon-a-tangle-of-religious-laws-govern-life-and-love/245857/|title=In Lebanon, a Tangle of Religious Laws Govern Life and Love|first=Anna Louie|last=Sussman|publisher=|accessdate=9 November 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/lebanon-constitutional-law.php|title=Lebanon: Constitutional Law and the Political Rights of Religious Communities - Law Library of Congress|date=30 April 2012|website=www.loc.gov|accessdate=9 November 2017}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE71Q08L20110227|title=Lebanese protest against sectarian political system|first=Reuters|last=Editorial|publisher=|accessdate=9 November 2017}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/lebanese-establishment-and-academic-spaces-191257857|title=Fairuz, Hezbollah and the suppression of democracy on Lebanese campuses|publisher=|accessdate=9 November 2017}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.beirutsyndrome.com/articles/the-struggle-of-lebanons-student-movements/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-11-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505090604/http://www.beirutsyndrome.com/articles/the-struggle-of-lebanons-student-movements/ |archivedate=2017-05-05 |df= }} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2010/12/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Muslim-Report-FINAL-December-2-2010.pdf|format=PDF|title=Most Embrace a Role for Islam in Politics : Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah|website=Pewforum.org|accessdate=9 November 2017}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/11/1/lebanon-s-first-sectlessbaby.html|title=Lebanese couple announces country's first 'sect-less' baby|publisher=|accessdate=9 November 2017}} 4 : Religion in Lebanon|Irreligion by country|Irreligion in the Arab world|Irreligion in the Middle East |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。