| 词条 | IRT Eastern Parkway Line | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = IRT Eastern Parkway Line | image = {{rint|nycs|2|size=50px}} {{rint|nycs|3|size=50px}} {{rint|nycs|4|size=50px}} {{rint|nycs|5|size=50px}} | image_width = | caption = The {{NYCS|2}}, {{NYCS|3}}, {{NYCS|4}} and {{NYCS|5}} trains are the primary services at most IRT Eastern Parkway Line stations, and thus the only IRT services that travel to/from Brooklyn. | type = Rapid transit | system = New York City Subway | status = Operating | locale = Brooklyn | start = Borough Hall | end = Crown Heights–Utica Avenue | stations = 11 | routes = | daily_ridership = 214,906[1] | open = 1908–1920 | close = | owner = City of New York | operator = New York City Transit Authority | character = Underground | stock = | linelength = | tracklength = | tracks = 4 | gauge = {{track gauge|ussg}} | electrification = 600V DC third rail | speed = | elevation = | map = }} The Eastern Parkway Line is one of the lines of the IRT division of the New York City Subway, stretching from Downtown Brooklyn south along Flatbush Avenue and east along Eastern Parkway to Crown Heights. After passing Utica Avenue, the line rises onto an elevated structure and becomes the New Lots Line to the end at New Lots Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn. The west end of the Eastern Parkway Line is at the Joralemon Street Tunnel under the East River.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] The IRT Nostrand Avenue Line splits from the local tracks of the Eastern Parkway Line south of the Franklin Avenue station.[2] History{{Expand section|date=July 2008}}The Eastern Parkway Line to Atlantic Avenue is part of Contract 2 of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company's plan to construct an extension of the original subway, Contract 1. Contract 2 extended the original line from City Hall in Manhattan to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and the contract was signed on September 11, 1902. Construction commenced on Contract 2 on March 4, 1903.[9] In order to cross the East River, a tunnel had to be constructed. That tunnel, the Joralemon Street Tunnel was the first underwater subway tunnel connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn and it opened on January 9, 1908, extending the subway from Bowling Green to Borough Hall.[10][11][12] Clifford Milburn Holland served as the assistant engineer during the construction of the tunnel.[13] It was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on February 9, 2006.[14] On May 1, 1908, the construction of Contract 2 was completed when the line was extended from Borough Hall to Atlantic Avenue near the Flatbush Avenue LIRR station.[9] With the opening of the IRT to Brooklyn, ridership fell off on the BRT's elevated and trolley lines over the Brooklyn Bridge with Brooklyn riders choosing to use the new subway.[15] During the construction of the Brooklyn extension, provisions were made for future subway extensions in Brooklyn by the construction of four tracks between Borough Hall and Atlantic Avenue, and the construction of bellmouths at Fulton Street and Flatbush Avenue, at Flatbush Avenue and Lafayette Avenue, and at Atlantic Avenue and Fourth Avenue.[16] Due to overcrowding on the Joralemon Street Tunnel, Holland decided to build a second tunnel under Clark Street providing passengers with a direct route to travel between Brooklyn and the west side of Manhattan.[17] Construction of the Clark Street Tunnel began on October 12, 1914, using a tunneling shield in conjunction with compressed air.[18][19] The north tube was holed through on November 28, 1916.[20] At 5,900 feet long, with about 3,100 feet underwater, the tunnel was finally opened for revenue service on April 15, 1919.[21] The opening of the tunnel allowed access to Brooklyn via the IRT from both the East and West Sides of Manhattan.[22] This line was expanded as a part of the Dual Contracts from Atlantic Avenue east. The IRT Eastern Parkway Line was built from 1915 to 1918, from the section east of the Atlantic Avenue station to Utica Avenue and down the Nostrand Avenue Subway to Flatbush Avenue. On August 23, 1920, the Eastern Parkway Line was extended from Atlantic Avenue to Utica Avenue.[23] The new lines would be served by trains from Seventh Avenue.[24] Trains operated via the express track between Atlantic Avenue and Franklin Avenue because of the failure of the contractor to perform work as scheduled on the local stations. On October 10, 1920, the three stations that were not ready to be opened with the rest of the line, at Bergen Street, Grand Army Plaza and Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum, were opened.[25][26] On February 2, 1948 the platform extensions at Hoyt Street opened, allowing 10-car express trains to board as opposed to only 5-car trains.[27] In August 1961, the chairman of the New York City Transit Authority, Charles Patterson, announced a $2,500,000 project that would get rid of a trouble spot on the line between Nevins Street and Atlantic Avenue that slows service and backs up the IRT Division. The project was projected to take two years long and it would have involved the reconfiguration of the track layout in this area. The platforms at the two stations would be extended to accommodate 10-car trains, as opposed to the eight and nine-car trains that they could platform at the time. The tracks between the two stations would be straightened, removing some of the bend in the tracks, but not removing it entirely. The tracks were to be straightened enough to allow for the running time between the two stations to be cut by one to two minutes.[28] During the 1964–1965 fiscal year, the platforms at Bergen Street, Grand Army Plaza, Eastern Parkway, Nostrand Avenue and Kingston Avenue were lengthened to 525 feet to accommodate a ten-car train of 51-foot IRT cars.[29] Extent and service{{IRT Eastern Parkway Line}}The following services use part or all of the IRT Eastern Parkway Line:[30]
Route descriptionThe IRT Eastern Parkway Line enters Brooklyn through the Joralemon Street Tunnel from the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and continues to run under the street that the tunnel was named after, until after Borough Hall. East of Adams Street and Boerum Plaza, the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line merges with the line and it runs under Fulton Street, then turns southeast under Flatbush Avenue, which also has the BMT Brighton Line beneath it. The first station along this segment is Nevins Street, which contains a never used lower level, and then joins Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center, the end of the oldest section of the line. Between Bergen Street and Grand Army Plaza, the line splits around the BMT Brighton Line.[2] East of Grand Army Plaza, the line finally moves under its namesake, the first station serving the Brooklyn Museum. The next station is a complex near the Brooklyn Botanic Garden that serves the above ground BMT Franklin Avenue Line and the beginning of the IRT Nostrand Avenue Line, which branches off to the south shortly afterwards at Nostrand Junction. The last three stations are a two-over-two track layout with a platform on each level. Afterwards, the IRT Eastern Parkway Line ends under Ralph Avenue, one block east of its originally intended terminus, whereas the local tracks become the IRT New Lots Line, branching off to the southeast emerging from the ground near Buffalo Avenue at Lincoln Terrace Park.[2] {{-}}Station listing{{NYCS service legend| alltimes = show | allexceptnights = show | nightsonly = show | weekdaysonly = show | rushonly = show }}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://mta.info/nyct/facts/ridership/ridership_sub.htm |title=Average weekday subway ridership |author=MTA |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=April 2, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328023018/http://www.mta.info/nyct/facts/ridership/ridership_sub.htm |archivedate=March 28, 2014 |df=mdy-all }} 2. ^1 2 3 {{NYCS const|trackref|trackbook3}} 3. ^Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 2006 Final Proposed Budget – November Financial Plan 2006-2009, {{cite web|url= http://web.mta.info/mta/budget/pdf/final0609/Section%206%20MTA%202006%20Final%20Proposed%20Budget.pdf |title=Section VI: MTA Capital Program Information }} {{small|(135 KiB)}}: "Joralemon Tube to Nevins Street" 4. ^Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 2005 Adopted Budget - February Financial Plan 2005–2008, {{cite web|url= http://web.mta.info/mta/budget/2005adopted/Section%20VII.pdf |title=Section VII: MTA Capital Program Information }} {{small|(91.7 KiB)}}: shows Utica Avenue on "EPK" and Sutter Avenue on "NLT" 5. ^Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 2005 Final Proposed Budget - November Financial Plan 2005–2008, {{cite web|url= http://web.mta.info/mta/budget/pdf/nov2005/vol1/1-cap.pdf |title=Section VI: MTA Capital Program Information }} {{small|(1.02 MiB)}}: "Sutter Avenue Portal to end" 6. ^In a 1981 list of "most deteriorated subway stations", the MTA listed Borough Hall and Court Street stations as part of the New Lots Line: New York Times, Agency Lists Its 69 Most Deteriorated Subway Stations, June 11, 1981, section B, page 5 7. ^The chaining designation "M" (Joralemon Street Tunnel) becomes "E" (Eastern Parkway Line) just west of the Borough Hall platforms; the Court Street and northern Borough Hall stations are chained "K" (Clark Street Tunnel). 8. ^However, as of 2007, emergency exit signs label Court Street as an IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line station, and the two parts of Borough Hall are signed as being along the Broadway–Seventh Avenue and IRT Lexington Avenue Lines. 9. ^1 2 3 4 New York Times, [https://www.nytimes.com/1908/05/02/archives/brooklyn-joyful-over-new-subway-celebrates-opening-of-extension.html Brooklyn Joyful Over New Subway], May 2, 1908, page 1 10. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/01/09/104714388.pdf|title=SUBWAY TO BROOKLYN OPENED FOR TRAFFIC; First Regular Passenger Train Went Under the East River Early This Morning. NOT A HITCH IN THE SERVICE Gov. Hughes and Brooklyn Officials to Join in a Formal Celebration of Event To-day. SUBWAY TO BROOKLYN OPENED TO TRAFFIC|access-date=September 1, 2016}} 11. ^1 {{cite news |title=Brooklyn Joyful Over Its Tunnel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1908/01/10/archives/brooklyn-joyful-over-its-tunnel-borough-square-thronged-for.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 10, 1908 |accessdate=March 6, 2010}} 12. ^{{cite journal |last=Gasparini |first=D. A. |date=February 2006 |title=Battery-Joralemon Street Tunnel |journal=Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=92–107 |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers |url=http://cedb.asce.org/c[gi/WWWdisplay.cgi?0600470# |accessdate=October 12, 2007 |doi=10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(2006)20:1(92) }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/1999/06/15/1999-06-15_the_digger_clifford_holland.html |title=The Digger Clifford Holland |last=Aronson |first=Michael |date=June 15, 1999 |newspaper=Daily News |location=New York |accessdate=July 2, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 14. ^{{NRISref|2007a}} 15. ^{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=January 2005|title=Another Centennial–Original Subway Extended To Fulton Street|url=https://issuu.com/erausa/docs/2005-01-bulletin|journal=New York Division Bulletin|publisher=New York Division, Electric Railroaders' Association|volume=48|issue=1|doi=|pmid=|access-date=August 31, 2016|via=Issu}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112111474968;view=1up;seq=9|title=Annual report. 1908/09-1919/20.|last=|first=|date=|website=HathiTrust|publisher=Interborough Rapid Transit Company|access-date=September 6, 2016}} 17. ^{{cite news |title=New Subway Service Between Brooklyn and Manhattan Boroughs |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 13, 1919 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1919/04/13/archives/new-subway-service-between-brooklyn-and-manhattan-boroughs.html |accessdate=September 5, 2009}} 18. ^{{cite news |title=Work Begins on New Tubes Under River |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1914/10/11/archives/work-begins-on-new-tubes-under-river-engineer-tells-how-subway.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 11, 1914 |accessdate=February 28, 2010}} 19. ^{{cite news|title=The Digger Clifford Holland |first=Michael |last=Aronson |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/1999/06/15/1999-06-15_the_digger_clifford_holland.html |newspaper=Daily News |location=New York |date=June 15, 1999 |accessdate=July 2, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nycsubway.org/articles/psr_oldslip.html |title=Under-River Tunnel Headings Meet |work=nycsubway.org |accessdate=February 28, 2010}} 21. ^New York Times, [https://www.nytimes.com/1919/04/16/archives/open-clark-street-line-new-route-doubles-subway-service-between-the.html Open Clark Street Line], April 16, 1919, page 18 22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://pudl.princeton.edu/sheetreader.php?obj=5205acec-781c-4b42-adc2-bc96c479e277|title=New Tunnel to Brooklyn|last=|first=|date=April 9, 1919|website=pudl.princeton.edu|publisher=Interborough Rapid Transit Company|access-date=September 19, 2016}} 23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://pudl.princeton.edu/sheetreader.php?obj=f304cf40-5610-4c05-9ee0-e56cf06d5599|title=More Interborough Service for Brooklyn 2 New Lines|last=|first=|date=August 23, 1920|website=pudl.princeton.edu|publisher=Interborough Rapid Transit Company|access-date=September 19, 2016}} 24. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|title=Brooklyn Tube Extensions Open: I.R.T. Begins Service on Eastern Parkway and Nostrand Avenue Lines|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/08/23/96895483.pdf|accessdate=December 20, 2015|publisher=New York Times|date=August 23, 1920}} 25. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title=Subway Stations Opened: Last Three in Eastern Parkway Branch of I.R.T. Put Into Service|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/10/11/103481051.pdf|accessdate=December 20, 2015|publisher=New York Times|date=October 11, 1920}} 26. ^{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=September 2010|title=IRT Brooklyn Line Opened 90 Years Ago|url=https://issuu.com/erausa/docs/the_era_bulletin_2010-09|journal=New York Division Bulletin|publisher=New York Division, Electric Railroaders' Association|volume=53|issue=9|doi=|pmid=|access-date=August 31, 2016|via=Issu}} 27. ^{{Cite book|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015023094926|title=Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949.|date=1949|publisher=New York City Board of Transportation}} 28. ^{{Cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252024%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520The%2520World%2520Telgram%2520and%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520The%2520World%2520Telgram%2520and%2520Sun%25201961%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520The%2520World%2520Telgram%2520and%2520Sun%25201961%2520-%25201610.pdf&highlightsFile=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhits%2F434c63bd45370008a4c73503433f35f7#page=1|title=$2.5 Million Project Set to Ease IRT Nevins–Atlantic Trouble Spot|last=|first=|date=August 23, 1961|work=|newspaper=Brooklyn New York World – Telegram|access-date=August 29, 2016|via=Fulton History}} 29. ^{{Cite book|title=Annual Report 1964–1965|last=|first=|publisher=New York City Transit Authority|year=1965|isbn=|location=|pages=|via=}} 30. ^{{NYCS const|serviceguide}} External links{{attached KML|display=inline,title}}
}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Eastern}} 7 : New York City Subway lines|Interborough Rapid Transit Company|Railway lines opened in 1908|Railway tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places|Railway buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City|Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City|1908 establishments in New York (state) |
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