| 词条 | Ispend bin Yusuf |
| 释义 |
During reign of Qara YusufHis first mention was in 1410, when he commanded left flank of Kara Koyunlu army against Ahmad Jalayir.[3] He was ruling Adilcevaz when his father died.[4] During reign of Qara IskanderHe retreated to Chukhur Saad province (later Erivan) where the Saadlu tribe, one of the main sub-tribes of the Kara Koyunlu swore fealty to him and presented him state treasure.[5] He later submitted to Qara Iskander in 1421. Soon Shahrukh crossed the Aras River and battling the forces of Iskander and Ispend at Yakhsi (28 July 1421 - 1 August 1421). Timurid forces were almost defeated when Amir Shahmalik cut heads of two slain soldiers and tricked both into thinking his brother was killed. Iskander's forces retreated to Kirkuk.[1] Ispend used this opportunity to seize Tabriz. However soon retreated to Avnik upon arrival of Qara Iskander. Reign in BaghdadIn October 1431 he was invited to Hillah by Jalayirid amirs, a city ruled by Husain II (grandson of Ahmad Jalayir).[6] Hussain was hunted down and killed on 9 November 1431, thus ending latest remnant of Jalayirid Sultanate. He soon captured Baghdad, forcing his half-brother Shah Muhammad to flee. Upon establishing himself in Baghdad, he ordered to struck coins in his own name.[7] When Qara Iskander killed in 1435, he accepted many refugees including his nephews and nieces - Alvand Mirza, Malik Qasim, Asad, Rustam, Tarkhan, Malik Muhammad, Arayish begum and Shahsaray begum.[8] He decided to invade Anatolia in 1437, but was defeated by Aq Qoyunlu chief Hamza beg (Qara Osman's son).[9] Death and successionHe died on 8 March 1445, bequeathing his kingdom on his nephew, Alvand Mirza since his son Fulad Mirza was too young at the time. However, most of the emirs preferred Fulad.[1] References1. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Minorsky|first=V.|date=1955|title=The Qara-Qoyunlu And The Qutb-Shahs|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/qaraqoyunlu-and-the-qutbshahs/0AFF2AB53B588A0415C042A8D4859D7F|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=50–73|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00106342|issn=1474-0699|via=}} 2. ^Muḥaddis̲, Mīr Hāshim (1982). Tārīkh-i Qizilbāshān [History of Qizilbashes] (in Persian). Tehrān : Bihnām. p. 16. 3. ^Sümer 1984, pp.83-84 4. ^Rumlu, p.93 5. ^Sümer 1984, pp.109-116 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jalayerids|title=JALAYERIDS – Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Jackson|first=Peter|date=|website=www.iranicaonline.org|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-23}} 7. ^[https://www.zeno.ru/showgallery.php?cat=5368 Coins of Ispend struck in Baghdad] 8. ^Sümer 1984, pp.143 9. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49665724|title=Kitab-i Diyarbekriyye|last=1428.|first=Abū Bakr Ṭihrānī, active|date=2001|publisher=T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı|others=Öztürk, Mürsel.|year=|isbn=9751727650|edition=1. baskı|location=Ankara|pages=88–91|oclc=49665724}} Sources
4 : Kara Koyunlu rulers|1445 deaths|15th-century monarchs in Asia|Year of birth unknown |
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