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词条 Israel and state-sponsored terrorism
释义

  1. 1950–51 Baghdad bombings

  2. 1954 Lavon Affair

  3. Proxies Against Iran

      MEK   Jundallah  PJAK 

  4. Syrian Civil War

  5. See also

  6. References

{{terrorism}}

The State of Israel has been accused of being a state-sponsor of terrorism. Several sovereign countries have officially alleged that Israel is a proponent of state-sponsored terrorism, including Iran, Syria,[1] Lebanon,[2] Turkey,[3] Saudi Arabia,[4] and Yemen.[5]

1950–51 Baghdad bombings

{{main article|1950–51 Baghdad bombings}}

1950–1951 Baghdad bombings refers to a series of bombings of Jewish targets in Baghdad, Iraq, between April 1950 and June 1951. There is a dispute around the true identity and objective of the offenders behind the bombings, and this issue remains unresolved.

Two activists in the Iraqi Zionist underground were found guilty by an Iraqi court for a number of the bombings, and were sentenced to death. Another was sentenced to life imprisonment and seventeen more were given long prison sentences.[6] The allegations against Israeli agents had "wide consensus" amongst Iraqi Jews in Israel.[7] Many of the Iraqi Jews in Israel who lived in poor conditions blamed their ills and misfortunes on the Israeli Zionist emissaries or Iraqi Zionist underground movement.[8] The theory that "certain Jews" carried out the attacks "in order to focus the attention of the Israel Government on the plight of the Jews" was viewed as "more plausible than most" by the British Foreign Office.[9][10] Telegrams between the Mossad agents in Baghdad and their superiors in Tel Aviv give the impression that neither group knew who was responsible for the attack.[10]

Israel has consistently denied involvement in the bombings.[11]

1954 Lavon Affair

{{main article|Lavon Affair}}

The 'Lavon Affair' is an unsuccessful Israeli covert operation, code named 'Operation Susannah', conducted in Egypt in the Summer of 1954. As part of the false flag operation,[12] a group of Egyptian Jews were recruited by Israeli military intelligence to plant bombs inside Egyptian, American and British-owned civilian targets, cinemas, libraries and American educational centers. The bombs were timed to exploded several hours after closing time. The attacks were to be blamed on the Muslim Brotherhood, Egyptian Communists, "unspecified malcontents" or "local nationalists" with the aim of creating a climate of sufficient violence and instability to induce the British government to maintain its occupying troops in Egypt's Suez Canal zone.[13] The operation caused no fatality, except for operative when a bomb he was taking to place in a movie theater ignited prematurely in his pocket; for two members of the cell who committed suicide after being captured; and for two operatives who were tried, convicted and executed by Egypt.

The operation ultimately became known as the 'Lavon Affair'. Following this operation the Israeli defense minister Pinhas Lavon was forced to resign. Even though Israel denied any involvement in the operation for 51 years, the surviving members were honored by Israeli President Moshe Katzav in 2005.[14]

Proxies Against Iran

{{see also|Iran–Israel proxy conflict}}

Israel and Iran are belligerent enemies. Though they have never been at war, both nations make efforts to undermine the other's influence in the region through various means: diplomatic, economic, and military. This includes the use of (often armed) proxies, which facilitate indirect conflict between the powers, and in the case of Iranian proxies Hamas and Hezbollah, outright war. The Israeli government supports various armed groups in its conflict with Iranian government.[15]

MEK

{{main|People's Mujahedin of Iran}}{{see also|Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists}}

Four Iranian nuclear scientists—Masoud Alimohammadi, Majid Shahriari, Darioush Rezaeinejad and Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan—were assassinated between 2010 and 2012. Another scientist, Fereydoon Abbasi, was wounded in an attempted murder.[16][17] Two of the killings were carried out with magnetic bombs attached to the targets' cars; Darioush Rezaeinejad was shot dead, and Masoud Alimohammadi was killed in a motorcycle-bomb explosion.[18] US officials confirm that MEK was financed, trained, and armed by Israel in killing Iranian nuclear scientists.[19] According to The Atlantic, the incident initiated a debate among American commentators: Should Israel be classified as a state sponsor of terrorism?.[20] Several commentators including Richard Engel and Robert Windrem suggested that the assassinations have been the joint work of Israel and the then Foreign Terrorist Organization-listed group MEK.[21][22][23]

Jundallah

{{see also|Jundallah (Iran)#United States and Israel}}

According to a 2012 report in Foreign Policy, Mossad agents disguised as Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officers recruited members of Jundallah—"a Pakistan-based Sunni terrorist organization ... responsible for assassinating Iranian government officials and killing Iranian women and children"—to carry out "false flag" operations against Iran, straining Israel's relations with the United States.[24][25]

PJAK

{{Further information|Iran–PJAK conflict#Israeli involvement}}

According to Eric Draitser, "thanks to WikiLeaks, it also now documented fact that Israel has long since attempted to use Kurdish groups such as PJAK ... against Iran."[26]

Syrian Civil War

Israel provides medical assistance to wounded Syrian rebels[27] crossing the border of "the Israeli-controlled Golan Heights"; most of this assistance has gone to Al-Nusra Front (now Tahrir al-Sham).[28] Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi notes that "this[,] however[,] does not prove that it is a matter of Israeli policy to provide treatment for Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham members."[29] Israeli officials stated that they provide humanitarian aid to wounded combatants and civilians regardless of their identity.[30][31] According to a March 2015 report in The Wall Street Journal, two-thirds of "the Syrians treated in Israel" were military-age men.[28] One UNDOF report stated that two boxes of unspecified content were transferred from Israel to Syrian rebels and that the soldiers of IDF met with Syrian rebels in the east of the border.[30] Israel is believed to share intelligence with the rebels, although it is unknown whether it has provided weapons.[32] "Former head of Israel's military intelligence" Amos Yadlin explained Israel's rationale: "There is no doubt that Hezbollah and Iran are the major threat to Israel, much more than the radical Sunni Islamists, who are also an enemy."[28]

See also

{{Portal|Israel|Terrorism}}
  • Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists
  • Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
  • Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism
  • Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism
  • Saudi Arabia–United States relations#Allegations of funding terrorism
  • Terrorism and the Soviet Union
  • United States and state-sponsored terrorism
  • Zionist political violence

References

1. ^{{citation|title=History Behind the Headlines: The Origins of Conflicts Worldwide|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=9780787659110|year=2002|volume=5|pages=313,319|quote=Clearly Syria sees Israel as a terrorist state and has even suggested to Washington that Israel be added to the U.S. government's list of state sponsors.}}
2. ^{{citation|url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=1666694&language=en|title=Siniora says Israel's attacks "state-sponsored terrorism"|work=Kuwait News Agency|date=30 July 2006}}
3. ^*{{citation|url=http://www.euronews.com/2017/12/10/turkish-president-erdogan-calls-israel-terrorist-netanyahu-hits-back|title=Erdogan calls Israel 'terrorist', Netanyahu hits back|work=Euronews|date=10 December 2017}}*{{citation|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-flotilla-inquiry/netanyahu-says-ready-to-testify-in-flotilla-inquiry-idUSTRE65838V20100609|title=Netanyahu says ready to testify in flotilla inquiry|quote=The bloodshed triggered an international outcry and strained relations between Israel and its once-close Muslim ally, Turkey. Israel called the troops’ actions “self-Defense.” Turkey described the killings as “state-sponsored terrorism.”|work=Reuters|authors=Jeffrey Heller|editor=Diana Abdallah|date=9 June 2010}}
4. ^{{citation|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-gaza-saudi/saudi-king-labels-israeli-offensive-in-gaza-a-war-crime-idUSKBN0G142I20140801|title=Saudi king labels Israeli offensive in Gaza a war crime|quote=Saudi Arabia’s King Abdullah broke his silence on Friday over the three-week-old conflict in Gaza, condemning what he saw as international silence over Israel’s offensive and describing this as a war crime and “state-sponsored terrorism”.|work=Reuters|authors=Angus McDowall, Rania El Gamal and Sami Aboudi|editor=Mark Heinrich|date=}}
5. ^{{citation|url=http://www.un.org/webcast/ga/59/statements/yemeng040924.pdf|title=Yemeni Statement|quote=We demand the Security Council to ensure the physical safety of the Palestinian President Yasser Arafat, and to provide protection for the Palestinian people against Israeli state-sponsored terrorism, in addition to showing respect for the wishes and the will of the Palestinian people.|publisher=United Nations|authors=|date=}}
6. ^Morris & Black, 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FkyMsycbemEC&pg=PA91&lpg=PA91&dq=shalom+salha+baghdad&source=bl&ots=nnabkwSEzg&sig=wJaBK5IUjAVZ8gmA9n5t7ysPDYc&hl=en&ei=lLy-S9CxMpaI0wSKiOGUCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CBgQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 91]
7. ^{{citation|title=The Jewish Exodus from Iraq 1948-1951|first=Samuel|last=Klausner|journal=Contemporary Jewry|volume=19|issue=1|year=1998|pages=180–185|jstor=23455343|quote=Most of the 120,000 Iraqi Jews, transported to Israel through Operation Ezra and Nemehiah in 1950-1, believed they had been stampeded into fleeing by the Israeli Mossad. Many still believe that when registration for emigration slowed, members of the Zionist underground tossed hand grenades into Jewish institutions. This suspicion has contributed to the alienation of Iraqi immigrants from successive Labor governments.}}
8. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkyMsycbemEC&pg=PA92#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services | publisher=Grove Press |author1=Ian Black |author2=Benny Morris | year=1991 | pages=92}}
9. ^British Embassy in Baghdad, FO371, EQ1571, Baghdad to FO, 27 June 1951, "one theory which is more plausible than most is that certain Jews have endeavoured, by throwing bombs at certain buildings, to focus the attention of the Israel Government on the plight of the Jews in Iraq so that they would keep the airlift moving quickly, and, possibly as a second object, to induce those well-to-do Jews who had decided to remain in Iraq to change their mind and emigrate to Israel."
10. ^1 {{cite book|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/objects/pages/PrintArticleEn.jhtml?itemNo=703367 |title=Now it can be told |publisher=Haaretz |author=Tom Segev |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504154232/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/objects/pages/PrintArticleEn.jhtml?itemNo=703367 |archivedate=2008-05-04 |df= }}
11. ^To Baghdad and Back {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314053000/http://www.babylonjewry.org.il/new/english/whats.htm |date=2009-03-14 }}
12. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dULlTAe_NwEC&lpg=PA46&dq=%22false%20flag%22%20Israel%20Egypt&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q=%22false%20flag%22%20Israel%20Egypt&f=false |title=Global terrorism |author=James M. Lutz |author2=Brenda J. Lutz |date=2004 |isbn=0-415-70051-5 |page=46 |accessdate=7 June 2011}}
13. ^{{cite book |author=S. Teveth |title=Ben-Gurion's spy: the story of the political scandal that shaped modern Israel |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=1996 |isbn=978-0-231-10464-7 |page=81}}
14. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3065838,00.html| title = Israel honors 9 Egyptian spies| agency = Reuters| date = 30 March 2005| publisher = Ynetnews}}
15. ^International Journal of Middle East Studies, 19, 1987, p. 261
16. ^{{cite news|last1=Hasan|first1=Mehdi|title=Iran's nuclear scientists are not being assassinated. They are being murdered|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jan/16/iran-scientists-state-sponsored-murder|date=12 January 2012|accessdate=7 February 2016|newspaper=The Guardian}}
17. ^{{cite news|last1=Meikle|first1=James|title=Iran: timeline of attacks|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/11/secret-war-iran-timeline-attacks|date=12 January 2012|accessdate=7 February 2016|newspaper=The Guardian}}
18. ^{{cite news|last1=Vick|first1=Karl|last2=Klein |first2=Aaron J.|title=Who Assassinated an Iranian Nuclear Scientist? Israel Isn't Telling|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2104372,00.html|date=13 January 2012|accessdate=14 February 2016|work=Time}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://rockcenter.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/02/08/10354553-israel-teams-with-terror-group-to-kill-irans-nuclear-scientists-us-officials-tell-nbc-news|title=Israel teams with terror group to kill Iran's nuclear scientists, U.S. officials tell NBC News|author=Rock Center with Brian Williams|date=6 December 2014|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=6 December 2014}}
20. ^https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/02/israel-and-proxy-terrorism/252971/
21. ^{{cite web |title=Israel teams with terror group to kill Iran's nuclear scientists, U.S. officials tell NBC News |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165036/http://rockcenter.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/02/08/10354553-israel-teams-with-terror-group-to-kill-irans-nuclear-scientists-us-officials-tell-nbc-news |accessdate=3 June 2018 |date=22 February 2018}}
22. ^{{cite web |last1=Pillar |first1=Paul R. |title=Deeper into Terrorism |url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/paul-pillar/deeper-terrorism-6491 |website=The National Interest |accessdate=3 June 2018 |language=en |date=June 1987}}
23. ^{{cite web |title=Just who has been killing Iran's nuclear scientists? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/just-who-has-been-killing-irans-nuclear-scientists-8861232.html |website=The Independent}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/13/false_flag |title=False Flag|authorlink=Mark Perry (author)|last=Perry|first=Mark|work=Foreign Policy|date=2012-01-13|accessdate=2016-10-30}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/israeli-mossad-agents-posed-as-cia-spies-to-recruit-terrorists-to-fight-against-iran-1.407224|title='Israeli Mossad agents posed as CIA spies to recruit terrorists to fight against Iran' - Haaretz.com|date=2017-06-25|access-date=2017-07-10|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625053323/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/israeli-mossad-agents-posed-as-cia-spies-to-recruit-terrorists-to-fight-against-iran-1.407224|archivedate=2017-06-25|df=}}
26. ^{{cite journal|first=Eric|last=Draitser|title=Breaking the Resistance with Terrorism and Proxy Wars|url=http://journal-neo.org/2015/03/17/breaking-the-resistance-with-terrorism-and-proxy-wars/ |journal=New Eastern Outlook|publisher=Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences|date=17 March 2015}}
27. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.630359 | title=UN Reveals Israeli Links With Syrian Rebels | date=7 December 2014 | agency=HAARETZ | accessdate=27 February 2016}}
28. ^1 2 {{cite web|last=Trofimov|first=Yaroslav|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/al-qaeda-a-lesser-evil-syria-war-pulls-u-s-israel-apart-1426169708|title=Al Qaeda a Lesser Evil? Syria War Pulls U.S., Israel Apart|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=2015-03-12|accessdate=2016-11-19}}
29. ^{{cite web|authorlink=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|last=Al-Tamimi|first=Aymenn Jawad|url=http://www.rubincenter.org/2017/07/israels-relations-with-the-syrian-rebels-an-assessment/|title=Israel's Relations with the Syrian Rebels: An Assessment|work=Middle East Review of International Affairs|date=2017-07-03|accessdate=2017-07-05}}
30. ^1 {{cite news | url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/New-UN-report-reveals-collaboration-between-Israel-and-Syrian-rebels-383926 | title=New UN report reveals collaboration between Israel and Syrian rebels | date=12 July 2014 | agency=THE JERUSALEM POST | accessdate=27 February 2016 | author=MAYA SHWAYDER}}
31. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/un-report-israel-regular-contact-syrian-rebels-including-isis-616404 | title=UN Report: Israel in Regular Contact with Syrian Rebels including ISIS | date=December 7, 2014 | agency=International Business Times | accessdate=27 February 2016 | author=Johnlee Varghese}}
32. ^{{cite web|last=Berman|first=Lazar|url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/bibi-the-strategist/|title=Bibi the Strategist|work=Commentary|date=2016-08-16|accessdate=2016-10-30}}

6 : Foreign relations of Israel|Government of Israel|Politics of Israel|State-sponsored terrorism|Terrorism in Israel|Zionist terrorism
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