“Israeli Labor Party”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Israeli Labor Party ({{lang-he-n|מִפְלֶגֶת הָעֲבוֹדָה הַיִּשְׂרְאֵלִית}}, translit. {{Audio|MiflegetHaAvodaHaYisraelit.ogg|Mifleget HaAvoda HaYisrelit}}), commonly known as HaAvoda ({{lang-he-n|הָעֲבוֹדָה}} lit. "The Labor"), is a social democratic^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] and Zionist^[10]^[11] political party in Israel. The Israeli Labor Party was established in 1968 by a merger of Mapai, Ahdut HaAvoda and Rafi. Until 1977, all Israeli Prime Ministers were affiliated with the Labor movement.^[12] The current party leader and candidate for prime minister (since July 2017) is Avi Gabbay.

The Labor Party is associated with supporting the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, pragmatic foreign affairs policies and social democratic economic policies.^[13] The party is a member of the Progressive Alliance^[14] and an observer member of the Party of European Socialists.^[15] The party was also a member of the Socialist International until suspending its membership in 2018 over the Socialist International's decision to join the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign.^[16]

History

Dominant political party 1968–1977

The foundations for the formation of the Israeli Labor Party were laid shortly before the 1965 Knesset elections when Mapai, the largest left-wing party in the country and the dominant partner in every government since independence, formed an alliance with Ahdut HaAvoda.^[17] Mapai's Arab satellite lists followed the merger. The alliance was an attempt by Mapai to shore up the party's share of the vote following a break-away of eight MKs (around a fifth of Mapai's Knesset faction) led by former Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion to form a new party, Rafi, in protest against Mapai's failure to approve a change to the country's proportional representation voting system.

The alliance, called the Labor Alignment won 45 seats in the elections, and was able to form the government in coalition with the National Religious Party, Mapam, the Independent Liberals, Poalei Agudat Yisrael, Progress and Development and Cooperation and Brotherhood. After the Six-Day War broke out, Rafi and Gahal joined the coalition.

On 21 January 1968, Mapai, Ahdut HaAvoda and Rafi (with the exception of Ben-Gurion, who formed the National List in protest) merged into one body, creating the Israeli Labor Party.^[18]^[19]

On 28 January 1969, the party allied itself with Mapam, the alliance becoming known as the Alignment.

As the largest faction within the Alignment, Labor came to dominate it. Mapam left during the eighth Knesset, but rejoined shortly afterwards.

During the 1970s, the welfare state was expanded^[20]^[21] under successive Labor governments, with increases in pension benefits^[22] and the creation of new social security schemes such as disability insurance and unemployment insurance in 1970, children’s insurance in 1975, vacation pay for adopting parents in 1976,^[23] a Family Allowance for Veterans in 1970, a benefit for Prisoners of Zion in 1973, and a mobility benefit and a Volunteers' Rights benefit in 1975.^[24] During 1975–76, a modest program of housing rehabilitation was launched in a dozen or so older neighbourhoods,^[25] while the Sick Leave Compensation Law of 1976 provided for compensation in cases when employees were absent from work because of illness.^[26]

Opposition and comeback 1977–2001

In the 1977 elections, Labor ended up in opposition for the first time. In the 1984 elections, Labor joined a national unity government with Likud, with the post of Prime Minister rotating between the two parties.

Mapam broke away again during the eleventh Knesset, angry at Shimon Peres's decision to form a national unity government with Likud. Although the Independent Liberals merged into the Alignment in the 1980s, they had no Knesset representation at the time.

On 7 October 1991, the Alignment ceased to exist, with all factions formally merged into the Labor Party. At this time, the Likud Government faced numerous problems, such as economic problems, the challenge of assimilating a large influx of immigrants from the former Soviet Union, serious tensions with the American government led by President George H.W. Bush{{why|date=October 2011}} and internal division. Led by Yitzhak Rabin, Labor won the 1992 elections and formed the government together with Meretz and Shas. In domestic policy, the Labor-led government introduced various measures to improve levels of social protection. Better provisions were introduced for single parents^[27] and people with disabilities,^[28] while income support entitlements were liberalised.^[29] The 1994 Law to Reduce Poverty and Income Inequality (which was extended a year later) increased income maintenance grants to needy families, particularly benefitting those sections of society most vulnerable to poverty.^[30] In 1995, a national health insurance policy was implemented, making access to health care a right for all Israelis.^[31]

Various measures were also introduced to bring greater progressivity into the system of collection of national insurance contributions.^[32] A maternity grant for adopting mothers was introduced,^[33] together with old-age insurance for housewives,^[34] a minimum unemployment allowance,^[35] and a partial injury allowance.^[36] In addition, investments were made in numerous development projects^[37] while affirmative action programmes were launched to hire Palestinian citizens in the public sector, the Ministry of Interior increased the budgets for Arab local councils, and the Ministry of Education increased the budget for Arab education.^[38]

The subsequent role of Labor became to a large extent tied to the Oslo Accords, based on the principle "land for peace". The Oslo Accords led to a vote of confidence, which the Government won with a margin of 61–50 (8 abstained). Several MKs from the Government parties declined to support the Government, but on the other hand, the Arab parties came to its rescue. Due to the lack of a constitution in Israel, the Government was able to implement the accords with a thin margin.

Rabin's decision to advance peace talks with the Palestinians to the point of signing the Oslo Accords led to his assassination by Yigal Amir in 1995. Peres decided to call early elections in 1996 to give him a mandate for advancing the peace process. However, his ploy failed; although Labor won the most seats in the Knesset election, he lost to the election for Prime Minister to Benjamin Netanyahu following a wave of suicide bombings by Hamas. Netanyahu and Likud were thus able to form the government.

With his coalition falling apart, Netanyahu decided to call early elections in 1999. Ehud Barak won the internal primaries, and was nominated as the Labor candidate for Prime Minister. Meanwhile, the party entered an electoral alliance with Meimad and Gesher called One Israel. Barak won the Prime Minister election, whilst One Israel won the Knesset elections, albeit with only 26 seats.

Barak started by forming a 75-member coalition together with Shas, Meretz, Yisrael BaAliyah, the National Religious Party and United Torah Judaism. The coalition with religious parties (NRP, Shas and UTJ) caused tensions with the secularist Meretz, who quit the coalition after a disagreement with Shas over the authority of the Deputy Education Minister. The rest of the parties left before the Camp David 2000 summit.

Decline since 2001

Following the October 2000 riots and the violence of the al-Aqsa Intifada, Barak resigned from office. He then lost a special election for Prime Minister to Likud's Ariel Sharon. However, Labor remained in Sharon's coalition as he formed a national unity government with Likud, Labor, Shas, Yisrael BaAliyah and United Torah Judaism, and were given two of the most important cabinet portfolios; Peres was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and Benjamin Ben-Eliezer was made Defense Minister. Labor supported Operation Defensive Shield, which was conducted in April 2002 against Palestinians in the West Bank. After harsh criticism that Peres and Ben-Elizer were "puppets" of Sharon and not promoting the peace process, Labor quit the government in 2003.

Prior to the 2003 elections, Amram Mitzna won the party primaries, and led the party into the election with a platform that included unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. The party was routed in the elections, winning only 19 seats (its lowest ever), whilst Sharon's Likud won 38 (40 after Yisrael BaAliyah merged into the party). Subsequently, due to internal opposition, Mitzna resigned from the party leadership,^[39] and soon afterwards was replaced by Shimon Peres. Despite being omitted from the original right-wing coalition, Sharon invited Labor into the coalition to shore up support for the disengagement plan (effectively Mitzna's policy which he had earlier lambasted) after the National Union and the National Religious Party had left the government.

On 8 November 2005, Shimon Peres was replaced as the leader of the Labor party by the election of left-wing Histadrut union leader Amir Peretz in an internal Labor party ballot. Critics of Labor have argued that, over the years, the party had abandoned its socialist heritage in favor of economic and business elites, and had passed the mantle of custodian of the underprivileged to right-wing and religious parties.^[40] Peretz stated his intention to reassert Labor's traditional socialist policies, and took the party out of the government. This prompted Sharon to resign and call for new elections in March 2006. Prior to the election, the political map had been redrawn, as Sharon and the majority of Likud's MKs, together with a number of Labor MKs, including Shimon Peres, and some from other parties, had formed the new political party Kadima. In the elections Labor won 19 seats, making it the second largest party after Kadima. It joined Ehud Olmert's Kadima-led government, with Peretz appointed Defense Minister. Labor's main coalition demand and campaign promise was raising the minimum wage.^[41]

On 28 May 2007 a leadership election resulted in Ehud Barak and Ami Ayalon defeating Peretz who was pushed into third place. In the run-off election (required as neither Barak nor Ayalon received over 40% of the vote), Barak was re-elected as party chairman. Despite stating that he would withdraw the party from the government unless Olmert resigned,^[42] Barak remained in government and took over as Defense Minister.

Prior to the 2009 elections Labor and Meimad ended their alliance, with Meimad ultimately running a joint list with the Green Movement (which did not pass the electoral threshold). Several prominent members left the party, including Ami Ayalon, and Efraim Sneh (who formed Yisrael Hazaka). In the elections, Labor was reduced to just 13 seats, making it the fourth largest party behind Kadima, Likud and Yisrael Beiteinu.

Analysing the downfall of the once dominant political party in Israel, Efraim Inbar of the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies points to several factors. By forfeiting identification with the establishment and building of the State of Israel, symbolised by a predilection for military service and by the settling of the land of Israel, Labor lost its most important asset. Deserting the Zionist symbol of Jerusalem, by showing willingness to cede part of it to the Palestinians was an ill-fated move. When cosmopolitan and individualist values made inroads into the party, it distanced itself from the collectivist ethos that has been dominant and is still widespread in Israel. Their association with the Oslo Accords meant that they could not avoid being discredited by its failure. Demographic factors have worked against Labor, as the growing Sefardi population, as well as the recent Russian-Jewish immigrants, have largely voted for other parties. Attempts to gain the support of the Israeli Arab voters have damaged the image of the party, and yielded no harvest.^[40]

On 17 January 2011, disillusionment with party leader Ehud Barak, over his support for coalition policies, especially regarding the peace process, led to Barak's resignation from the Labor Party with four other Knesset members to establish a new "centrist, Zionist and democratic" party, Independence. Following this move, all Labor Party government ministers resigned.

Two days after the split, a group of prominent members of Israel's business, technology, and cultural communities including Jerusalem Venture Partners founder Erel Margalit founded the "Avoda Now" movement calling for a revival of the Labor Party. The movement launched a public campaign calling the people to support the Labor party, with the aim of renewing its institutions, restore its social values, and choose new dynamic leadership.^[43]

Shelly Yachimovich was elected leader in 2011 saying "I promise that we will work together. This is just the beginning of a new start for Israeli society." She was congratulated by many in the party including her one-time rival Amir Peretz.^[44] Yachimovich was replaced as leader by Isaac Herzog in 2013.

In the 2013 legislative election held on 22 January 2013, Labor received 11.39% of the national vote,

On 10 December 2014, party leader Isaac Herzog and Tzipi Livni, leader and founder of the Hatnuah party, announced an electoral alliance to contest the upcoming legislative election.^[46] In the 2015 legislative election on 7 March 2015, the joint list Zionist Union received 24 seats in the Knesset, of which 19 belong to the Labor Party. Both parties remained independent parties while both represented by the Zionist Union faction in the Knesset. The partnership continued after Avi Gabbay was elected chairman of the party on July 10, 2017, until January 1, 2019, when Gabbay announced the dissolution of the union unilaterally. ^[47]

On 10 April 2018 the Israeli Labor Party officially cut ties with Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn, accusing him of antisemitism.^[48]

On 10 July 2018, the Labor Party suspended its membership of the Socialist International after the international adopted a policy of BDS towards Israel.^[49]

Political principles

Past

Mapai evolved from the socialist Poale Zion movement and adhered to the Socialist Zionist ideology promulgated by Nahum Syrkin and Ber Borochov.Under Ben-Gurion's leadership (1930–1954), Mapai focused mainly on the Zionist agenda, since it was seen as the most urgent issue —establishing a homeland for the Jewish people.

After the founding of the state of Israel, Mapai engaged in nation building—the establishment of the Israel Defense Forces (while dismantling every other armed group), the establishment of many settlements, the settling of more than 1,000,000 Jewish immigrants and the desire to unite all the inhabitants of Israel under a new Zionist Jewish Israeli culture (an ideology known as the "Melting pot" כור היתוך).

Labor in the past was more hawkish on security and defense issues than it is today. During its years in office, Israel fought the 1956 Sinai War, the Six-Day War and the Yom Kippur War.

Current

Labor's original socialist ideology has evolved into a programme that supports a market economy with strong social welfare programmes. In the post–Cold War era, the party's foreign policy retains a strong orientation toward the United States, and its security policy maintains that a permanent peace with the Palestinians can only be based on agreements that are enforceable.^[50] Along with other center-left Israeli parties, it is committed to the continued existence of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state. It believes in maintaining a strong defense force and also supports the promotion of individual human rights. It supports most Supreme Court decisions on the latter issue, as well as the adoption of a written constitution that would entrench human rights.^[50]

In November 2005, Amir Peretz, leader of the social-democratic One Nation which had merged into Labor, was elected chairman of the party, defeating Shimon Peres. Under Peretz, and especially in the 2006 electoral campaign, the party took a significant ideological turn, putting social and economic issues on top of its agenda, and advocating a moderate social-democratic approach (including increases in minimum wage and social security payments), in sharp contrast to the neoliberal policies led by former Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.

Party leaders

Other prominent members

Election results

Current MKs

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/labor-party-calls-primaries-for-february-12/|title=Labor party calls primaries for February 12|website=The Times of Israel}}
2. ^{{cite journal|first=Jan|last=Elshout|title=It's a Myth That Israelis Support a Two-State Solution|work=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|issue=March 2011|year=2011|pages=24 f.|url=http://www.wrmea.org/2011-march/it-s-a-myth-that-israelis-support-a-two-state-solution.html}}
3. ^{{cite news |title=Guide to Israel's political pa≠–ties |date=21 January 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21073450 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=28 June 2015}}
4. ^{{cite news |author=Ishaan Tharoor |date=14 March 2015 |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/03/13/these-are-the-political-parties-battling-for-israels-future/ |title=A guide to the political parties battling for Israel’s future |accessdate=28 June 2015}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=Cheryl Rubenberg|title=The Palestinians: In Search of a Just Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NmXBmOGbHL4C&pg=PA410|year=2003|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-58826-225-7|page=410}}
6. ^{{cite book|author=Sharon Weinblum|title=Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DtyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR10|year= 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58450-6|page=10}}
7. ^{{cite book|author1=Emilie van Haute|author2=Anika Gauja|title=Party Members and Activists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGChCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR17|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-52432-8|page=17}}
8. ^{{cite book|author1=Richard Collin|author2=Pamela L. Martin|title=An Introduction to World Politics: Conflict and Consensus on a Small Planet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vSlx-_Z408C&pg=PA218|accessdate=18 July 2013|year=2012|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-1803-1|page=218}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=Rhodes Cook|title=The Presidential Nominating Process: A Place for Us?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Lld7J5tZuwC&pg=PA118|accessdate=19 August 2012|year=2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-2594-8|page=118}}
10. ^¹{{cite book|author1=Sara E. Karesh|author2=Mitchell M. Hurvitz|title=Encyclopedia of Judaism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C&pg=PA283|year=2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6982-8|page=283}}
11. ^{{cite book|author1=James C. Docherty|author2=Peter Lamb|title=Historical Dictionary of Socialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRYjU-L4F7wC&pg=PA179|accessdate=28 January 2013|date=2 October 2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6477-1|page=179}}
12. ^[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Politics/labor.html The Labor Party] Jewish Virtual Library
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/296867/Israel-Labour-Party|title=Israel Labour Party|date=13 September 2013|work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|accessdate=18 March 2014}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://progressive-alliance.info/participants/|title=Participants | Progressive Alliance|publisher=progressive-alliance.info|accessdate=12 September 2015}}
15. ^Parties {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927050456/http://www.pes.org/en/about-pes/pes-members/parties |date=27 September 2011 }} Party of European Socialists
16. ^[https://www.jpost.com/BDS-THREAT/Israels-Labor-party-quits-Socialist-International-after-it-adopts-BDS-562149 Israel's Labor Party quits Socialist International after it adopts BDS] The Jerusalem Post, 10 July 2018
17. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Politics/Ahdutha'avodah.html|title= Israel Political Parties: Ahdut Ha'avodah|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library}}
18. ^The establishment of the Labour Party by a union of parties Israeli Labor Party (in Hebrew)
19. ^Ervin Birnbaum (1970) The Politics of Compromise: State and Religion in Israel, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, p53
20. ^{{cite book|first=Shlomo|last=Swirski|title=Politics and Education in Israel: Comparisons with the United States|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2004|isbn=0203906721|page=204}}
21. ^{{cite book|first=Jacqueline|last=Portugese|title=Fertility Policy in Israel: The Politics of Religion, Gender, and Nation|publisher=Greenwood|year=1998|isbn=0-275-96098-6|url={{Google books|id=xClE5kFYAE0C|page=98|plainurl=yes}}|page=98}}
22. ^{{cite book|title=Into the Promised Land: Issues Facing the Welfare State|author1=Ben-Arieh, A.|author2=Gal, J.|date=2001|publisher=Praeger|isbn=9780275969059|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvkP36ZlOk0C&pg=PA106|page=106|accessdate=12 September 2015}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2010-2011/asia/israel.pdf|date=1 March 2011|title=Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2010 - Israel|author=Social Security Administration|accessdate=12 September 2015}}
24. ^{{cite book|first=John|last=Gal|chapter=Values, Categorical Benefits and Categorical Legacies in Israel|chapterurl={{Google books|id=WvkP36ZlOk0C|page=115|plainurl=yes}}|editor1=Asher Ben-Arieh|editor2=John Gal|title=Into the Promised Land: Issues Facing the Welfare State|publisher=Greenwood|year=2001|isbn=0-275-96905-3|page=126}}
25. ^{{cite book|first=Frederick A.|last=Lazin|title=Politics and Policy Implementation: Project Renewal in Israel|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1994|isbn=0-7914-1691-7|url={{Google books|id=Bf0QBVeUtEcC|page=18|plainurl=yes}}|page=18}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.moia.gov.il/Publications/Employment_en.pdf|date=16 July 2014|title=Employment|publisher=The Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption |accessdate=12 September 2015}}
27. ^http://israbank.gov.il/deptdata/mehkar/iser/07/iser_7.pdf
28. ^{{cite web|title=Changes to disability benefits |publisher=International Social Security Association |url=http://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Israel/Reforms2/(id)/1564 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022826/https://www.issa.int/observatory/country-profiles/regions/asia-and-the-pacific/israel/reforms2/%28id%29/1564 |dead-url=yes |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |df= }}
29. ^{{cite web|title=Changes to income support entitlements |publisher=International Social Security Association |url=http://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Israel/Reforms2/(id)/1565 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308193531/https://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Israel/Reforms2/%28id%29/1565 |dead-url=yes |archive-date= 8 March 2016 |df= }}
30. ^{{cite journal |journal = Social Science Quarterly|url=http://micro5.mscc.huji.ac.il/~inequality/LewinStier_WelfareState.pdf|date=25 April 2002|title= Who Benefits the Most? The Unequal Allocation of Transfers in the Israeli Welfare State|author=Alisa C. Lewin and Haya Stier|volume=83|issue=2|publisher=Southwestern Social Science Association |accessdate=12 September 2015}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1998/7/National%20Health%20Insurance|title=2BackToHomePage2|publisher=mfa.gov.il|accessdate=12 September 2015}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=Collection of contributions |publisher=International Social Security Association |url=http://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Israel/Reforms2/(id)/1568 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310200708/http://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Israel/Reforms2/%28id%29/1568 |archivedate=10 March 2014 |df= }}
33. ^{{cite web|title=Maternity grant for adopting mother |publisher=International Social Security Association |url=http://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Israel/Reforms2/(id)/1566 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310204820/http://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Israel/Reforms2/%28id%29/1566 |archivedate=10 March 2014 |df= }}
34. ^{{cite web|title=Old-age insurance for housewives |publisher=International Social Security Association |url=http://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Israel/Reforms2/(id)/1598 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310202300/http://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Israel/Reforms2/%28id%29/1598 |archivedate=10 March 2014 |df= }}
35. ^{{cite web|title=Unemployment allowances and minimum wages |publisher=International Social Security Association |url=http://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Israel/Reforms2/(id)/1567 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310200044/http://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Israel/Reforms2/%28id%29/1567 |archivedate=10 March 2014 |df= }}
36. ^{{cite web|title=Payment of partial injury allowance |publisher=International Social Security Association |url=http://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Israel/Reforms2/(id)/1842 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310204714/http://www.issa.int/Observatory/Country-Profiles/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Israel/Reforms2/%28id%29/1842 |archivedate=10 March 2014 |df= }}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SWepTWhw6s|title=Sheves Shimon about the social and economic policies of Rabin's government - YouTube|publisher=youtube.com|accessdate=12 September 2015}}
38. ^{{cite book|last=Go|first=Julian|title=Political Power and Social Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8t6JH1Eeu4C&pg=PA128|accessdate=18 March 2014|date=19 September 2012|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=9781780528670|page=128}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/1,7340,L-2608896,00.html |title=Mitzna's resignation speech |publisher=Ynet.co.il |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=25 April 2010}}
40. ^¹Efraim Inbar: "The Decline of the Israel Labor Party" Perspectives Papers on Current Affairs, Perspectives 70, 23 February 2009.
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1143498864586|title=Kadima, Labor talks 'making progress'|publisher=}}
42. ^Israel party votes to oust leader BBC News, 29 May 2007
43. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/27/idUS272092+27-Apr-2011+PRN20110427|title=Erel Margalit Announces His Candidacy to Lead the Labor Party|agency=Reuters|date=27 April 2011|accessdate=8 September 2011}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=238966|title=Yacimovich celebrates becoming Labor leader: We've won - Breaking News - Jerusalem Post|publisher=jpost.com|accessdate=12 September 2015}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/History/Pages/Elections_in_Israel_January_2013.aspx|title=Elections in Israel January 2013|publisher=mfa.gov.il|accessdate=12 September 2015}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.631032|title=Labor, Livni Agree to Join Forces Ahead of Elections - National - Haaretz|publisher=haaretz.com|accessdate=12 September 2015}}
47. ^[https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5438958,00.html]
48. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/apr/10/israeli-labor-leader-cuts-ties-jeremy-corbyn-antisemitism|title=Antisemitism: Israeli Labor leader cuts ties with Jeremy Corbyn|last=correspondent|first=Jessica Elgot Political|date=2018-04-10|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-01-07|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/BDS-THREAT/Israels-Labor-party-quits-Socialist-International-after-it-adopts-BDS-562149|title=Israel's Labor party quits Socialist International after it adopts BDS|last=Hoffman|first=Gil|date=10 July 2018|work=Jerusalem Post}}
50. ^¹{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TffrTUyCD6QC&pg=PA304&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture|editor-last1=Baskin|editor-first1=Judith Reesa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2010|page=303|isbn=9780521825979}}
51. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4017855,00.html |title=Labor chooses temporary chairman |work=Ynetnews |first=Attila |last=Somfalvi |date=23 January 2011 |accessdate=9 February 2011}}