| 词条 | Italian cruiser Pisa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Italian cruiser Pisa was the name ship of her class of two armored cruisers built for the Royal Italian Navy (Regia Marina) in the first decade of the 20th century. The ship participated in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–12, during which she supported the occupations of Tobruk, Libya and several islands in the Dodecanese and bombarded the fortifications defending the entrance to the Dardanelles. During World War I, Pisa{{'}}s activities were limited by the threat of Austro-Hungarian submarines, although the ship did participate in the bombardment of Durazzo, Albania in late 1918. After the war she became a training ship and was stricken from the Navy List in 1937 before being scrapped. Design and descriptionPisa had a length between perpendiculars of {{convert|130|m|ftin|sp=us}} and an overall length of {{convert|140.5|m|ftin|sp=us}}. She had a beam of {{convert|21|m|ftin|sp=us}} and a draft of {{convert|7.1|m|ftin|sp=us}}. The ship displaced {{convert|9832|t|LT|sp=us}} at normal load, and {{convert|10600|t|LT|sp=us}} at deep load.[1] The Pisa-class ships had a complement of 32 officers and 652 to 655 enlisted men.[2]The ship was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam supplied by 22 Belleville boilers. Designed for a maximum output of {{convert|20000|ihp|lk=in}} and a speed of {{convert|22.5|kn|lk=in}},[3] Pisa handily exceeded this, reaching a speed of {{convert|23.47|kn}} during her sea trials from {{convert|20808|ihp|abbr=on}}. She had a cruising range of about {{convert|2500|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|12|kn}}.[1] The main armament of the Pisa-class ships consisted of four Cannone da 254/45 V Modello 1906 guns in twin-gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. The ships mounted eight Cannone da 190/45 V Modello 1906 in four twin-gun turrets, two in each side amidships, as their secondary armament. For defense against torpedo boats, the ships carried 16 quick-firing (QF) Cannone da 76/50 V Modello 1908 guns and eight QF Cannone da 47/40 V Modello 1908 guns. They were also equipped with three submerged {{convert|450|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} torpedo tubes. During World War I, her 76 and 47 mm guns were replaced by twenty 76/40 guns; six of these were anti-aircraft guns.[1] Pisa was protected by an armored belt that was {{convert|200|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} thick amidships and reduced to {{convert|90|mm|abbr=on|1}} at the bow and stern.[3] The armored deck was {{convert|51|mm|abbr=on|1}} thick. The conning tower armor was {{convert|180|mm|abbr=on|1}} thick. The 254 mm gun turrets were protected by {{convert|160|mm|abbr=on}} of armour while the 190 mm turrets had {{convert|140|mm|abbr=on|1}}.[2]Construction and careerPisa, named after the eponymous city,[4] was laid down on 20 February 1905 at the Orlando shipyard in Livorno.[2] The ship was launched on 15 September 1907 and completed on 1 September 1909.[1][4]When the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–12 began on 29 September 1911, Pisa was the flagship of Rear-Admiral Ernesto Presbitero, commander of the 2nd Division of the 1st Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet. Pisa and her sister ship, {{ship|Italian cruiser|Amalfi||2}}, were among the ships selected for the initial blockade of Tripoli. On 2 October, the Training Division relieved the 1st Squadron in blockade duty, allowing them to join the main Italian fleet.[5] After a fruitless search for the main Ottoman fleet and the peaceful occupation of Tobruk,[6] Pisa, Amalfi, and the battleship {{ship|Italian battleship|Napoli||2}} were joined by the recently commissioned armored cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|San Marco||2}}, three destroyers, and two torpedo boats. The group escorted several Italian transports that arrived off Derna on 15 October. After negotiations for a surrender of the town fell apart, Pisa shelled the barracks and a fort. There was no return fire from Derna, so a boat with offers of a truce was sent in. When it was greeted by a volley of rifle fire, Pisa and the other armored cruisers opened fire on the town with their 190 mm guns and, according to a contemporary account, "completely destroyed" the town in 30 minutes time.[7] A landing party was unable to reach the shore because of rough seas and gunfire from the shore. Pisa and her consorts then shelled the beach for two hours. Weather conditions prevented a landing until the 18th, when 1,500 men took possession of Derna.[7] Pisa remained in North African waters until mid-December when most of the 1st Squadron returned to Italy. Pisa later escorted several troop transports from Augusta, Sicily in an attempt to seize the port of Zuara shortly before Christmas that was foiled by bad weather.[8] In mid-April 1912 the Italian fleet sortied into the eastern Aegean Sea with Pisa and Amalfi leading in an attempt to lure out the Ottoman fleet. When that failed, the Italians bombarded the fortifications defending the Dardanelles to little effect before the main body departed for Italy on the 19th. Pisa, Amalfi, and an assortment of smaller craft were left behind, however, to continue destroying telegraph and radio stations and cutting underwater cables. Sailors from the two cruisers captured the island of Astropalia on 28 April to allow Italian forces to use it as supply base.[9] A week later, the ship supported the occupation of Rhodes on 4 May. Pisa returned to Italy in September, but after the war ended she spent the first half of 1913 in Constantinople and the Aegean before returning to Taranto on 24 June.[18]The ship was based at Brindisi when Italy declared war on the Central Powers on 23 May 1915. That night, the Austro-Hungarian Navy bombarded the Italian coast in an attempt to disrupt the Italian mobilization. Of the many targets, Ancona was hardest hit, with disruptions to the town's gas, electric, and telephone service; the city's stockpiles of coal and oil were left in flames. All of the Austrian ships safely returned to port, putting pressure on the Regia Marina to stop the attacks. When the Austrians resumed bombardments on the Italian coast in mid-June, Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel responded by sending Pisa and the other armored cruisers at Brindisi—the navy's newest—to Venice to supplement the older ships already there.[10] Shortly after their arrival at Venice, Amalfi was sunk by a submarine on 7 July and her loss severely restricted the activities of the other ships based at Venice.[11] Pisa was transferred to Vlore, Albania in April 1916[12] and participated in the bombardment of Durazzo on 2 October 1918 which sank one merchantman and damaged two others.[13] On 1 July 1921, Pisa was reclassified from a second-class battleship to a coastal battleship and became a training ship. In 1925 she was modified to operate a Macchi M.7 flying boat. From 1925 to 1930, the ship was used to train naval cadets and lieutenants. Pisa was stricken on 28 April 1937 and subsequently broken up.[1] Notes1. ^1 2 3 4 Gardiner & Gray, p. 261 2. ^1 2 Fraccaroli, p. 32 3. ^1 Silverstone, p. 290 4. ^1 Silverstone, p. 302 5. ^Beehler, pp. 9, 19 6. ^Stephenson, pp. 115–16 7. ^1 Beehler, p. 30 8. ^Beehler, pp. 47, 50, 53 9. ^Beehler, pp. 67–68, 71; Stephenson, pp. 262–65 10. ^Sondhaus, pp. 274–76, 279 11. ^Halpern, pp. 148, 151; Sondhaus, p. 289 12. ^1 Marchese 13. ^Halpern, p. 176 Bibliography
External links{{commons category|Pisa (ship, 1909)}}
4 : 1907 ships|Pisa-class cruisers|Ships built in Livorno|World War I cruisers of Italy |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。