| 词条 | Russian cosmism | |||||
| 释义 |
Russian cosmism is a philosophical and cultural movement that emerged in Russia in the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. TheoryCosmism entailed a broad theory of natural philosophy, combining elements of religion and ethics with a history and philosophy of the origin, evolution, and future existence of the cosmos and humankind. It combined elements from both Eastern and Western philosophic traditions as well as from the Russian Orthodox Church.{{fact|date=August 2018}} Cosmism was one of the influences on Proletkult, and after the October Revolution, the term came to be applied to "...the poetry of such writers as Mikhail Gerasimov and Vladimir Kirillov...: emotional paeans to physical labor, machines, and the collective of industrial workers ... organized around the image of the universal 'Proletarian', who strides forth from the earth to conquer planets and stars."[1] This form of cosmism, along with the writings of Nikolai Fyodorov, was a strong influence on Andrei Platonov.{{fact|date=August 2018}} Many ideas of the Russian cosmists were later developed by those in the transhumanist movement.[2] Victor Skumin argues that the Culture of Health will play an important role in the creation of a human spiritual society into the Solar System.[3][4][5] {{quote|The Culture of Health is the basic science about Spiritual Humanity. It studies the perspectives of harmonious development of "Spiritual man" and "Spiritual ethnos" as a conscious creator of the State of Light into the territory of the Solar System" (by Skumin).}}RepresentativesAmong the major representatives of Russian cosmism was Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov (1828–1903), an advocate of radical life extension by means of scientific methods, human immortality, and resurrection of dead people.{{fact|date=August 2018}} In 1881, Russian revolutionary and rocket pioneer Nikolai Kibalchich proposed an idea of pulsed rocket propulsion by combustion of explosives, which was an early precursor for Project Orion.{{fact|date=August 2018}} Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) was among the pioneers of theoretical space exploration and cosmonautics. In 1903, he published Изслѣдованіе міровыхъ пространствъ реактивными приборами (The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reactive Devices [Rockets]), the first serious scientific work on space travel. Tsiolkovsky believed that colonizing space would lead to the perfection of the human race, with immortality and a carefree existence. He also developed ideas of the "animated atom" (panpsychism), as well as "radiant mankind".{{fact|date=August 2018}} Other cosmists included Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945), who developed the notion of noosphere, and Alexander Chizhevsky (1897–1964), pioneer of "heliobiology" (study of the sun’s effect on biology).[6][7][8] A minor planet, 3113 Chizhevskij, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1978, is named after him.[9] See also{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
}} Citations1. ^Thomas Seifrid, A Companion To Andrei Platonov's The Foundation Pit (Academic Studies Press, 2009: {{ISBN|1-934843-57-1}}), pp. 69-70. 2. ^{{cite book |year=2013 |url=http://sovieteramuseum.com/?product=art-works-by-russian-cosmism-painter-xx-xxi-ct-catalogue-of-exhibition-2013 |title=Art works by Russian cosmism painter XX – XXI ct. Catalogue of exhibition 2013 |publisher=Roerich museum |accessdate=19 October 2015}} 3. ^{{cite book |last=Skumin |first=V. A. |script-title=ru: Культура здоровья — фундаментальная наука о человеке. |trans-title=A Culture of Health as a fundamental human science. |year=1995 |url=http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/record/3000010561594?query=%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80+%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD+ |language=Russian |isbn=5-88167-003-5 |accessdate=May 13, 2015}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://900igr.net/prezentatsii/fizkultura/Kultura-zdorovja/007-Kultura-zdorovja-fundamentalnaja-nauka-o-Dukhovnom-CHelovechestve.html |year=2009 |author=Kovaleva E. A. |title=Педагогический совет. Культура здоровья учащихся как фактор здоровьесберегающей среды школы. Слайд 7 |trans-title=Pedagogical Council. Slide 7 of the presentation "culture of health" to the lessons of physical education on the theme the "Health" |publisher=900igr.net |accessdate=19 November 2014}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://kult-zdor.ru/?page_id=5 |title=Концепция Учения |trans-title=The Concept Of Doctrine |publisher=kult-zdor.ru |accessdate=6 June 2017}} 6. ^L. V. Golovanov, Alexander Chizhevsky entry in the Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 2001 edition. See Google.Translate version of the article from the Russian version of the Encyclopedia. 7. ^Soiuz Pisatelei, Soviet literature, Issues 1-6, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TOJKAAAAYAAJ&q=Alexander+Chizhevsky+Cosmism&dq=Alexander+Chizhevsky+Cosmism&hl=en&ei=-SihTZ6iEo-w0QHKvaSYBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAw p 188], Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1982. 8. ^James T. Andrews, “Red cosmos: K.E. Tsiolkovskii, grandfather of Soviet rocketry”, Issue 18 Centennial of Flight Series, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3jO5KHOLdDcC&pg=PA114&dq=Alexander+Chizhevsky+Cosmism&hl=en&ei=3CuhTYG_C5KRgQeFyfHZBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Alexander%20Chizhevsky%20Cosmism&f=false p 114], Texas A&M University Press, 2009, {{ISBN|1-60344-168-9}}, {{ISBN|978-1-60344-168-1}} 9. ^[https://books.google.com/books?hl=ru&q=3111+Misuzu+1977 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names - p.257] Further reading
External links{{commons|Константин Эдуардович Циолковский|Konstantin Tsiolkovsky}}{{wikisource|Author:Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky|Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky}}
5 : Cosmism|20th-century philosophy|Russian culture|Russian philosophy|Transhumanism |
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