| 词条 | Ivan Sytin |
| 释义 |
Ivan Dmitrievich Sytin ({{lang-ru|Иван Дмитриевич Сытин}}; 1851{{spaced ndash}}1934) was the son of a Soligalich peasant who built the largest publishing house in pre-revolutionary Russia. Sytin went from his village to Moscow at the age of 13 and opened his own book shop in 1883. He made a fortune through printing millions of almanac-type calendars containing miscellaneous practical information. They were cheap and attractively illustrated. This venture was followed by the very cheap editions of Pushkin's, Gogol's and Tolstoy's works. After their authors' rights expired, Sytin compressed their entire works into one volume that cost as little as 90 kopecks. He was the first publisher to reach the peasants all over Russia and to shape popular taste in the entire country.[1] Maxim Gorky called Sytin the de facto "minister of people's education" whose calendars and leaflets "cut down at least by half the number of relapses into illiteracy".[2]Leo Tolstoy proposed to edit "a cheap, simplified series that would reflect his moral teachings and not be copyrighted".[3] Drawings for this Mediator project were contributed by Ilya Repin and Nikolai Ge, among other leading artists. These books were sold by Sytin's peddlers to villagers for 1,5 copeck per copy. Between 1887 and 1916 Sytin's printing house in Zamoskvorechye brought out more than 400 primers and text books. He later expanded into the publication of popular encyclopaedias such as The Military Encyclopaedia in 18 volumes, The Encyclopaedia for Children in 10 volumes, and the Napoleonic Wars encyclopaedia in 7 volumes. By the early 20th century, Sytin dominated the publishing industry in the Russian Empire. It was he who revived the Vokrug sveta geographic magazine (still published today). He commissioned numerous translations of adventure fiction by such authors as Jules Verne and H. G. Wells. Russian Word, an obscure conservative newspaper, was transformed by Sytin into Russia's most popular (and cheapest) daily; its circulation surpassed one million copies in 1917.[4] After the Russian Revolution, Sytin's printing house was nationalized but he decided against emigrating and died in obscurity in his small flat on Tverskaya Street at the age of 83. This apartment has been designated a national museum since 1989.[5] In 1990 McGill-Queen's University Press published a study by Charles A. Ruud, Russian Entrepreneur: Publisher Ivan Sytin of Moscow, 1851-1934 ({{ISBN|9780773507739}}). References1. ^Canadian Book Review Annual. Peter Martin Associates, 1990. Page 77. 2. ^Maxim Gorky. Untimely thoughts: essays on revolution, culture, and the Bolsheviks, 1917-1918. P. S. Eriksson, 1968. Page 177. 3. ^Charles A. Ruud. Fighting Words: Imperial Censorship and the Russian Press, 1804-1906. 2nd edition. University of Toronto Press, 2009. Page 205. 4. ^Robert Justin Goldstein. The War for the Public Mind: Political Censorship in 19th-century Europe. {{ISBN|978-0-275-96461-0}}. Page 256. 5. ^http://www.muzeysitina.ru/?page=history External links{{commons category|Ivan Dmitrievich Sytin}}
6 : Russian businesspeople|1851 births|1934 deaths|Russian mass media owners|Russian newspaper publishers (people)|Russian book publishers (people) |
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