| 词条 | Russian tortoise |
| 释义 |
| image = Testudo horsfieldii; Baikonur 001.jpg | image_alt = A Russian tortoise in Kazakhstan | image_caption = A Russian tortoise in Kazakhstan | status = VU | status_system = IUCN2.3 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Agrionemys | species = horsfieldii | authority = (Gray, 1844) | synonyms =
| synonyms_ref=[2] | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision =
}} The Russian tortoise (Agrionemys horsfieldii), also commonly known as the Afghan tortoise, the Central Asian tortoise, Horsfield's tortoise, and the steppe tortoise, is a threatened species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae. The species is endemic to Central Asia. Human activities in its native habitat contribute to its threatened status. EtymologyBoth the specific name, horsfieldii, and the common name "Horsfield's tortoise" are in honor of the American naturalist Thomas Horsfield.[3] SystematicsThis species is traditionally placed in Testudo. Due to distinctly different morphological characteristics, the monotypic genus Agrionemys was proposed for it in 1966. Today, Agrionemys horsfieldii is currently being accepted.[4] DNA sequence analysis generally concurs, but not too robustly so.[5] Some sources also list three separate subspecies of Russian tortoise, but they are not widely accepted by taxonomists:[6]
DescriptionThe Russian tortoise is a small tortoise species, with a size range of {{convert|13|-|25|cm|0|abbr=on}}. Females grow slightly larger ({{convert|15|-|25|cm|0|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}}) to accommodate more eggs. Males average {{convert|13|-|20|cm|0|abbr=on}}. Russian tortoises are sexually dimorphic. Males tend to have longer tails generally tucked to the side, and longer claws; females have a short, fat tail, with shorter claws than the males. The male has a slit-shaped vent (cloaca) near the tip of its tail; the female has an asterisk-shaped vent (cloaca). Russian tortoises have four toes. Coloration varies, but the shell is usually a ruddy brown or black, fading to yellow between the scutes, and the body is straw-yellow and brown depending on the subspecies. The male Russian tortoise courts a female through head bobbing, circling, and biting her forelegs. When she submits, he mounts her from behind, making high-pitched squeaking noises during mating.[7] The species can spend as much as 9 months of the year in dormancy.[8] In captivityIn captivity, diet typically consists of lamb's lettuce, plantains and other dark leafy greens. The diet should be varied and may include juvenile dandelions and different species of lettuce, though like very many plants, they should be fed rarely due to potentially harmful side effects (for the former) or a lack of nutritional value (for the latter).{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} Water is important for all species, but the tortoise, being an arid species, will typically get water from their food, but they still need a constant supply. Tortoises should be soaked in warm water up to the mid shell. Tortoises typically empty their bowels in water as to hide their scent, this is an instinct, and it also helps keep their enclosure cleaner.[9] Russian tortoises do not require a CITES Article X certificate.[10] 1968 Moon flightIn September 1968 two Russian tortoises flew to the Moon, circled it, and returned safely to Earth on the Russian Zond 5 mission. Accompanied by mealworms, plants, and other lifeforms, they were the first Earth creatures to travel to the Moon.[11] References1. ^{{Cite journal|author=Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG)|title=Testudo horsfieldii |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|volume=1996|page=e.T21651A9306759|date=1996|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/21651/0|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21651A9306759.en|access-date=9 January 2018}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|journal=Vertebrate Zoology|title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World|year=2007|author=Fritz, Uwe|author2=Havaš, Peter|volume=57|issue=2|pages=301–302|issn=1864-5755|url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5v20ztMND?url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf|archivedate=17 December 2010|accessdate=29 May 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} 3. ^Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (Agrionemys horsfieldii, p. 126). 4. ^Khozatsky & Mlynarski (1966) 5. ^e.g. Fritz et al. (2005) 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Testudo&species=horsfieldii |title=Testudo horsfieldii |website=Reptile Database |access-date=22 February 2017}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://russiantortoise.net/breeding.htm |title=Breeding Russian Tortoises |website=The Russian Tortoise |access-date=22 February 2017}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=https://animals.net/russian-tortoise/ |title=Russian Tortoise - Description, Habitat, Image, Diet, and Interesting Facts |publisher=Animals Network |accessdate=2018-11-05}} 9. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://russiantortoise.org/russiantortoisediet.htm|title=Russian Tortoise Diet|last=|first=|date=2002|website=russiantortoise.org|publisher=Joe Heinen|access-date=2017-01-07}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Tortoise & the Law|url=http://www.faunaimportuk.com/info/sale-of-tortoises-the-law|accessdate=18 May 2016}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/12/who-was-first-in-the-race-to-the-moon-the-tortoise/266665/ |title=Who Was First in the Race to the Moon? The Tortoise |last=Madrigal |first=Alexis C. |date=27 December 2012 |website=The Atlantic |access-date=22 February 2017}} Further reading
External links{{Commons|Testudo horsfieldii}}
17 : Turtles of Asia|Reptiles of Central Asia|Reptiles of Russia|Reptiles of Afghanistan|Reptiles of Iran|Reptiles of Kazakhstan|Reptiles of Kyrgyzstan|Reptiles of Pakistan|Reptiles of Tajikistan|Reptiles of Turkmenistan|Reptiles of Uzbekistan|Reptiles described in 1844|Taxa named by John Edward Gray|Space-flown life|Species endangered by the pet trade|Vulnerable fauna of Asia|Testudinidae |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。