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| 释义 |
|name = Rusyn |nativename = {{lang|rue|русиньскый язык; руски язик}} {{transl|rue|rusîn'skyj jazyk; ruski jazik}} |ethnicity = Rusyns |speakers = 623,500 |date = 2000–2006 |minority = {{flag|Czech Republic}}{{flag|Hungary}}[1]{{flag|Serbia}}[2] {{flag|Slovakia}}{{flag|Ukraine}}[3] |ref = e18 |speakers2 = Census population: {{sigfig|70,374|2}}. These are numbers from national official bureaus for statistics: Slovakia – 33,482[4] Serbia – 15,626[5] Ukraine – 6,725[6] Poland – 10,000[7] Croatia – 2,337[8] Hungary – 1,113[9] Czech Republic – 777[10] |familycolor = Indo-European |fam2=Balto-Slavic |fam3 = Slavic |fam4 = East Slavic |script=Cyrillic script (Rusyn alphabets) Latin script (Slovakia)[11] |iso3 = rue |glotto=rusy1239 |glottorefname=Rusyn |lingua=53-AAA-ec < 53-AAA-e (varieties: 53-AAA-eca to 53-AAA-ecc) |notice=IPA |map=Idioma rusino.PNG }} Rusyn ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|uː|s|ᵻ|n}};[12] Carpathian Rusyn: {{lang|rue|русиньскый язык (rusîn'skyj jazyk), русиньска бесїда (rusîn'ska bes'ida)}}; Pannonian Rusyn: {{lang|rue|руски язик (ruski jazik), руска бешеда (ruska bešeda)}}),[13] also known in English as Ruthene ({{IPAc-en|UK|r|ʊ|ˈ|θ|iː|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|r|uː|ˈ|θ|iː|n}};[14] sometimes Ruthenian), is an East Slavic language spoken by the Rusyns of Eastern Europe. There are several controversial theories about the nature of Rusyn as a language or dialect. Czech, Slovak and Hungarian as well as American and some Polish and Serbian linguists treat it as a distinct language[15] (with its own ISO 639-3 code), whereas other scholars (especially in Ukraine but also Poland, Serbia and Romania) treat it as a Southwestern dialect of Ukrainian.[16] Geographical distributionPannonian Rusyn is spoken in Vojvodina in Serbia and part of Croatia. {{anchor|Carpathian Rusyn}}Carpathian Rusyn is spoken in:
Classification{{also|Iazychie}}The classification and identification of Rusyn is historically and politically problematic. Before World War I, Rusyns were recognized as the Ukrainians of Galicia within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, however in the Hungarian part they were recognized as Rusyns/Ruthenes. Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand had planned to recognize a Rusyn-majority area as one of the states of a planned United States of Greater Austria before his assassination. After the war, Austria-Hungary was partitioned, and Carpathian Ruthenia was appended to the new Czechoslovak state as its easternmost province. With the advent of World War II, Carpatho-Ukraine declared its independence, lasting not even one day, until its occupation and annexation by Hungary. After the war, the region was annexed by the Soviet Union as part of the Ukrainian SSR, which proceeded with an anti-ethnic assimilation program. Poland did the same, using internal exile to move all Ukrainians from the southern homelands to western areas conquered from Germany, and switch everyday language to Polish. Scholars with the former Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies in Moscow (now the Institute of Slavonic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) formally re-acknowledged Rusyn as a separate language in 1992, and trained specialists to study the language.[19] These studies were financially supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences. Ukrainian politicians do not recognise Rusyns as a separate ethnicity, regardless of Rusyn self-identification. Ukraine officially considers Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian, related to the Hutsul dialect of Ukrainian. It is not possible to estimate accurately the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn; however, their number is estimated in the tens of thousands. Serbia has recognized Rusyn, more precisely Pannonian Rusyn, as an official minority language.[20] Since 1995, Rusyn has been recognized as a minority language in Slovakia, enjoying the status of an official language in municipalities where more than 20 percent of the inhabitants speak Rusyn.[21]Rusyn is listed as a protected language by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia and Romania. Grammars and codificationThere are three Rusyn standard varieties: one in Slovakia, one in Poland, and one in Vojvodina and Croatia (Pannonian Rusyn). Pannonian Rusyn was first standardised in 1923, Slovakia (Prešov) Rusyn in 1995,[22] and Poland (Lemko) Rusyn in 2000.[23] Early grammars include Dmytrij Vyslockij's (Дмитрий Вислоцкий) Карпаторусский букварь (Karpatorusskij bukvar') Vanja Hunjanky (1931)[24] and Metodyj Trochanovskij's Буквар. Перша книжечка для народных школ. (Bukvar. Perša knyžečka dlja narodnıx škol.) (1935).[25][26] {{Clear}}The Carpathian Rusyn alphabetsEach of the three Rusyn standard varieties has its own Cyrillic alphabet. The table below shows the alphabet of Slovakia (Prešov) Rusyn. The alphabet of the other Carpathian Rusyn standard, Lemko (Poland) Rusyn, differs from it only by lacking ё and ї. For the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet, see Pannonian Rusyn language#Writing system.
Until World War II, the letter Ѣ ѣ (їть) was used, and was pronounced {{IPA|/ji/}} or {{IPA|/i/}}. Number of letters and relationship to the Ukrainian alphabetThe Prešov Rusyn alphabet of Slovakia has 36 letters. It includes all the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet plus ё, ы, and ъ. The Lemko Rusyn alphabet of Poland has 34 letters. It includes all the Ukrainian letters with the exception of ї, plus ы and ъ. The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet has 32 letters, namely all the Ukrainian letters except і. Alphabetical orderThe Rusyn alphabets all place ь after я, like the Ukrainian alphabet did until 1990. The vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place ь before э (if present), ю, and я. The Lemko and Prešov Rusyn alphabets place ъ at the very end, while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after щ. They also place ы before й, while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after ш, щ (if present), and ъ (if present). In the Prešov Rusyn alphabet, і and ї come before и, and likewise, і comes before и in the Lemko Rusyn alphabet (which doesn't have ї). In the Ukrainian alphabet, however, и precedes і and ї, and the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet (which doesn't have і) follows this precedent by placing и before ї. Newspapers{{refimprove section|date=September 2017}}
See also{{InterWiki|code=rue}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm |title=Implementation of the Charter in Hungary |work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research|accessdate=16 June 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227004902/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm|archivedate=27 February 2014}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/?s=aktAPV001&j=EN|title=The Statue of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia|publisher=Skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs|date=|accessdate=2012-08-07}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214125040/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17|archivedate=14 February 2014|title=Law of Ukraine "On Principles of State Language Policy" (Current version — Revision from 1 February 2014)|publisher=Zakon2.rada.gov.ua|work=Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2|date=1 February 2014|accessdate=30 April 2014}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab.11.pdf |title=Population and Housing Census 2011: Table 11. Resident population by nationality – 2011, 2001, 1991 |author= Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic|date= |work= |publisher=Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic |accessdate=22 March 2012}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Zip/eSn31.pdf |title=Final results of the census 2002 |author=Republic of Serbia, Republic Statistical Office |date=24 December 2002 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=16 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306111312/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Zip/eSn31.pdf |archivedate=6 March 2009 |df=dmy-all }} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?data1=1&box=5.5W&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1&k_t=00&botton=cens_db|title=About number and composition population of UKRAINE by data All-Ukrainian population census 2001 data|author=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|date=|work=|publisher=|accessdate=16 December 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302164007/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?data1=1&box=5.5W&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1&k_t=00&botton=cens_db|archivedate=2 March 2008|df=dmy-all}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_lu_nps2011_wyniki_nsp2011_22032012.pdf|title=Home|author=|date=|work=|publisher=Central Statistical Office of Poland|accessdate=22 March 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116214520/http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_lu_nps2011_wyniki_nsp2011_22032012.pdf|archivedate=16 January 2013|df=dmy-all}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm |title=Republic of Croatia – Central Bureau of Statistics |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Crostat |accessdate=5 September 2010}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/eng/volumes/24/tables/load1_8.html |title=1.28 Population by mother tongue, nationality and sex, 1900–2001 |author= |year=2001 |work= |publisher=Hungarian Central Statistical Office |accessdate=28 February 2012}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30629&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJUwUA4lOtR1sBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void= |title=Obyvatelstvo podle věku, mateřského jazyka a pohlaví |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=2 November 2012}} 11. ^{{e21|rue|Rusyn}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Rusyn, n. and adj. : Oxford English Dictionary|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/286726?redirectedFrom=rusyn#eid}} 13. ^http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf, p. 8. 14. ^{{cite web|title=Ruthene, n. and adj. : Oxford English Dictionary|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/169178?redirectedFrom=Ruthene#eid}} 15. ^Bernard Comrie, "Slavic Languages," International Encyclopedia of Linguistics (1992, Oxford, Vol 3), pp. 452–456. Ethnologue, 16th edition 16. ^George Y. Shevelov, "Ukrainian," The Slavonic Languages, ed. Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett (1993, Routledge), pp. 947–998. 17. ^http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf, p. 9. 18. ^http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf, p. 8. 19. ^{{cite web|author=Іван Гвать |url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/24433107.html |title=Україна в лещатах російських спецслужб |publisher=Radiosvoboda.org |date= |accessdate=2012-08-07}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/?s=aktAPV001&j=EN |title=Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina |publisher=Skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs |date= |accessdate=2012-08-07}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mensiny.vlada.gov.sk/data/files/418.doc|title=Zákon 184/1999 Z. z. o používaní jazykov národnostných menšín|last=Slovenskej Republiky|first=Národná Rada|year=1999|publisher=Zbierka zákonov|language=Slovak|accessdate=2010-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011131038/http://www.mensiny.vlada.gov.sk/data/files/418.doc|archive-date=11 October 2017|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/Nation%20and%20State%20Building_files/national-rusyns.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327140741/http://www.taraskuzio.net/Nation%20and%20State%20Building_files/national-rusyns.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2009 |df=dmy-all }} 23. ^http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf, p. 52. 24. ^{{cite book |last1=Vyslockyj |first1= Dmytryj|authorlink1= |script-title=ru:Карпаторусский букварь|trans-title=Karpatorusskij bukvar'|url= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year= 1931|publisher= |location=Cleveland |language= Rusyn|isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |page= |pages= |at= |trans-chapter=|chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= |ref= |bibcode= |laysummary= |laydate= |separator= |postscript= |lastauthoramp=}} 25. ^{{cite book |last1= Trochanovskij|first1= Metodyj|authorlink1= Metodyj Trochanovskij |script-title=ru:Буквар. Перша книжечка для народных школ.|trans-title=Bukvar. Perša knyžečka dlja narodnıx škol.|url= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year= 1935|publisher= |location=Lviv|language=Rusyn |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |page= |pages= |at= |trans-chapter=|chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= |ref= |bibcode= |laysummary= |laydate= |separator= |postscript= |lastauthoramp=}} 26. ^{{cite journal |author= Bogdan Horbal|authorlink= |editor1-first= Richard D.|editor1-last=Custer |editor1-link= Richard D. Custer|date= |year=2005 |title= The Rusyn Movement among the Galician Lemkos |journal=Rusyn-American Almanac of the Carpatho-Rusyn Society |volume= |series= |issue= 10th Anniversary 2004-2005|page= |pages= |at= |publisher= |location=Pittsburgh |issn= |pmid= |pmc= |doi= |bibcode= |oclc= |id= |url=http://www.lemko.org/scholar/horbal/94.pdf }} 27. ^http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://rdsa.tripod.com/hlasnjik.htm/ |title=Rusnaci u svece |publisher=tripod.lycos.com|date= |accessdate=2017-03-07}} 29. ^{{Cite web|url=http://lem.fm/|title=Хыжа {{!}} lem.fm - Радийо Руской Бурсы|website=lem.fm - Радийо Руской Бурсы|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-03}} Further reading
External links{{InterWiki|code=rue}}{{Incubator|rue|wiktionary|language=Rusyn}}{{commons category|Rusyn language}}
}}{{Authority control}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Rusyn Language}} 4 : East Slavic languages|Rusyn culture|Languages of Ukraine|Languages of Poland |
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