词条 | Ruth Bernhard |
释义 |
|name = Ruth Bernhard |image = Ruth Bernhard.jpg |caption = |birth_name = |birth_date = {{birth date|1905|10|14|mf=y}} |birth_place = Berlin, German Empire |death_date = {{death date and age|2006|12|18|1905|10|14|mf=y}} |death_place = San Francisco, California |other_names = |religion = |known_for = |occupation = Photographer |nationality = American and German }} Ruth Bernhard (October 14, 1905 – December 18, 2006) was a German-born American photographer. Early life and educationBernhard was born in Berlin and studied at the Berlin Academy of Art from 1925–27.[1] By 2 years old her parents were divorced and she only met her mother twice afterwards.[2] She was raised by two schoolteacher sisters and their mother.[3] Bernhard's father, Lucian Bernhard, was known for his poster and typeface design, many of which bear his name and are still in use. Lucian was a major proponent of Ruth's work and offered her advice often.[4] Bernhard studied art history and typography at the Academy of Fine Arts, Berlin before moving to New York to join her father.[5] She began teaching on an ongoing basis at the University of California in 1958, while also giving lectures, classes and workshops all over the United States.[6] Photography careerIn 1927 Bernhard moved to New York City, where her father was already living. She worked as an assistant to Ralph Steiner in Delineator magazine, but he terminated her employment for indifferent performance. Using the severence pay, Bernhard bought her own camera equipment.[7] By the late-1920s, while living in Manhattan, Bernhard was heavily involved in the lesbian sub-culture of the artistic community, becoming friends with photographer Berenice Abbott and her lover, critic Elizabeth McCausland. Her first realization that she was attracted to other women occurred on New Year's Eve 1928 when she met the painter Patti Light.[8] She wrote about her "bisexual escapades" in her memoir.[8] In 1934 Bernhard began photographing women in the nude.[9] It would be this art form for which she would eventually become best known.[10] In 1935, she chanced to meet Edward Weston on the beach in Santa Monica.[11] She would later say; {{quote|I was unprepared for the experience of seeing his pictures for the first time. It was overwhelming. It was lightning in the darkness ... here before me was indisputable evidence of what I had thought possible—an intensely vital artist whose medium was photography.|sign=Ruth Bernhard|source=http://iphf.org/inductees/ruth-bernhard/}}Bernhard was so inspired by Weston's work that, after meeting him in 1935, she moved to California (where he lived). In 1939, Bernhard moved back to New York for eight years, during which time she met photographer Alfred Stieglitz.[12] Bernharfd was inspired by the small things in her life. In an interview from 1999 with Photographers Forum, Ruth states," I’m most interested in—the little things that nobody observes, that nobody thinks are of any value".[13] In the same interview she stated that,"Everything is universal" and that she was "very much aware of that".[13] This idea of minimalism drove her passion for photography. Though many people were unaware of this, Bernhard produced the photography for the first catalog published by the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The name of this exhibition was "The Art of The Machine." Her father Lucian Bernhard set up the meeting with MoMA for her. {{Citation needed|date=May 2007}} Life on the West CoastBy 1944 she had met and became involved with artist and designer Eveline (Evelyn) Phimister. The two moved in together, and remained together for the next ten years in Carmel, California. Here, Bernhard worked with Group f/64. Soon, finding Carmel a difficult place in which to earn a living, they moved to Hollywood where she fashioned a career as a commercial photographer. In 1953, they moved to San Francisco[10] where she became a colleague of photographers such as Ansel Adams, Imogen Cunningham, Minor White, and Wynn Bullock. Most of Bernhard's work is studio-based, ranging from simple still lifes to complex nudes. In the 1940s she worked with the conchologist Jean Schwengel.[14] She worked almost exclusively in black-and-white, though there are rumours that she had done some color work as well. She also is known for her lesbian themed works, most notably Two Forms (1962). In that work, a black woman and a white woman who were real-life lovers are featured with their nude bodies pressed against one another.[10] A departure was a collaboration with Melvin Van Peebles (as "Melvin Van"), then a young cable car gripman (driver) in San Francisco. Van Peebles wrote the text and Bernhard took the unposed photographs for The Big Heart, a book about life on the cable cars. In the early 1980s, Bernhard started to work with Carol Williams, owner of Photography West Gallery in Carmel, California. Bernhard told Williams that she knew there would be a book of her photography after her death, but hoped one could be published during her lifetime. Williams approached New York Graphics Society, and several other photographic book publishers, but was advised that "only Ansel Adams could sell black-and-white photography books." Bernhard and Williams decided to sell five limited edition prints to raise the necessary funds to publish a superior quality book of Ruth Bernhard nudes. The ensuing edition was produced by David Gray Gardner of Gardner Lithograph, (also the printer of Adams's books) and was called The Eternal Body. It won Photography Book of the Year in 1986 from Friends of Photography. This book was often credited by Ruth Bernhard as being an immeasurable help to her future career and public recognition. The Eternal Body was reprinted by Chronicle Books and later as a deluxe limited Centennial Edition in celebration of Ruth Bernhard's 100th birthday in October, 2005. Carol Williams credited Ruth Bernhard with encouraging her to venture into book publishing, and later published several other photographic monographs.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} In the 1980s Bernhard also started to work with Joe Folberg. Folberg bought Vision Gallery from Douglas Elliott (who founded it in 1979) in San Francisco in 1982. Bernhard and Folberg worked together until Folberg's death. The gallery split with Debra Heimerdinger taking over operations in North America and Folberg's son Neil moving the "Vision Gallery" to Jerusalem. In 1967, Bernhard began a teaching career. This same year, Bernhard met United States Air Force Colonel Price Rice, an African American man ten years younger than her, and the two became lovers. They would remain together until his death in 1999. In her 90s, Bernhard cooperated with biographer Margaretta K. Mitchell in the book Ruth Bernhard, Between Art and Life, publicly revealing her many affairs with women and men throughout her lifetime.[15] In 1984 Ruth worked with filmmaker Robert Burrill on her autobiographic film entitled, Illuminations: Ruth Bernhard, Photographer. The film premièred in 1989 at the Kabuki theater in San Francisco and on local PBS station KQED in 1991. Bernhard was inducted into the National Women's Caucus for Art in 1981. Bernhard was hailed by Ansel Adams as "the greatest photographer of the nude".[16] Bernhard died in San Francisco at age 101.[17] Publications by Bernhard
Awards
Solo exhibitions
CollectionsBernhard's work is held in the following permanent collections:
See also
Notes1. ^More fully, the Academie der Mahler-, Bildhauer- und Architectur-Kunst, the precursor of both the Berlin University of the Arts and the Akademie der Künste. The dates are from Rosenblum, p. 294. 2. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/468438726|title=Ruth Bernhard: the eternal body : a collection of fifty nudes|last=Mitchell|first=Margaretta K|date=1986|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=0811808262|location=San Francisco (Calif.)|language=English}} 3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29463798|title=Ruth Bernhard : the collection of Ginny Williams.|date=1993|publisher=Tallgrass Press|others=Bernhard, Ruth., Williams, Ginny., Bunnell, Peter C., Denver Art Museum., Arvada Center for the Arts and Humanities.|isbn=1881138046|oclc=29463798}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/|title=Bernhard, Ruth|last=Corinne|first=Tee A.|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://historiccamera.com/cgi-bin/librarium2/pm.cgi?action=app_display&app=datasheet&app_id=2096|title=Ruth Bernhard at Historic Camera - History Librarium|website=historiccamera.com|access-date=2017-03-11}} 6. ^{{Cite book|title=Recollections : ten women of photography|date=1979|publisher=Viking Press|others=Abbott, Berenice, 1898-1991., Mitchell, Margaretta.|isbn=0670590789}} 7. ^Move, working for Steiner, purchase of equipment: Lavender, "Ruth Bernhard"; Rosenblum, p. 294 8. ^An Eye For Collecting, Geoff Gehman, The Morning Call, December 13, 2008 9. ^{{Citation|last=Conrad|first=Donna|title=A Conversation with Ruth Bernhard|url=http://www.photovisionmagazine.com/articles/bernhard.interview.html|year=2000|last2=PhotoVision|first2=|author2-link=|newspaper=Vol. 1 No. 3}} 10. ^1 2 Corinne, "Ruth Bernhard". 11. ^Chance meeting with Weston: Lavender, "Ruth Bernhard." 12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/ruth-bernhard?all/all/all/all/0|title=Ruth Bernhard|date=2016-03-02|work=International Center of Photography|access-date=2017-03-11|language=en}} 13. ^1 {{Cite book|title=20th century photographers: interviews on the craft, purpose, and the passion of photography|last=|first=|publisher=Burlington, MA : Focal Press|year=2015|isbn=9781317554042|location=|pages=}} 14. ^Work on shells: Rosenblum, p. 294. 15. ^Apogee mini-review of Between Art and Life; Corinne, "Ruth Bernhard." 16. ^Quoted by Lavender, "Ruth Bernhard." 17. ^Sabin Russell, "Ruth Bernhard: Photographer of nudes and still lifes" (obituary), San Francisco Chronicle, December 19, 2006. 18. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45302284|title=Ruth Bernhard : between art & life|last=Margaretta.|first=Mitchell,|date=2000|publisher=Chronicle Books|others=Bernhard, Ruth.|isbn=0811821919|location=San Francisco|oclc=45302284}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lucies.org/honorees/ruth-bernhard/ |title=Ruth Bernhard 2003 honoree: achievement in fine art |publisher=Lucie Awards |access-date=December 15, 2018}} 20. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8283869|title=Contemporary photographers|others=Walsh, George,, Held, Michael,, Naylor, Colin,|isbn=0312167911|location=New York|oclc=8283869}} 21. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31865530|title=North American women artists of the twentieth century : a biographical dictionary|date=1995|publisher=Garland Publishing, Inc|others=Heller, Jules., Heller, Nancy G.|isbn=0824060490|location=New York|oclc=31865530}} 22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.peterfetterman.com/exhibitions/ruth-bernhard|title=Ruth Bernhard - Exhibitions - Peter Fetterman|website=www.peterfetterman.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-31}} 23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://collection.imamuseum.org/results.html?query=ruth+bernhard+&has_image=T|title=Indianapolis Museum of Art Collection Search|website=collection.imamuseum.org|language=en|access-date=2018-06-30}} 24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/search/?view=grid&query=YToxOntzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjtzOjEzOiJydXRoIGJlcm5oYXJkIjt9&options=YToxOntzOjk6ImJlaGF2aW91ciI7czo2OiJ2aXN1YWwiO30=|title=Collection (Getty Museum)|website=The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles|language=en|access-date=2018-06-30}} 25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.mocp.org/info.php?s=ruth+bernhard&t=objects&type=all|title=Museum of Contemporary Photography|website=www.mocp.org|language=en|access-date=2018-06-30}} 26. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.portlandartmuseum.us/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=keywordkeyword=ruth%20bernhard|title=Portland Art Museum {{!}} Online Collections|website=www.portlandartmuseum.us|access-date=2018-06-30}} 27. ^https://collections.artsmia.org/search/artist:%22Ruth%20Bernhard%22 Sources
18 : 1905 births|2006 deaths|20th-century American photographers|20th-century American women artists|American women photographers|Artists from Berlin|Artists from California|Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area|Bisexual artists|Bisexual women|German centenarians|German emigrants to the United States|German photographers|German women artists|German women photographers|People from the Province of Brandenburg|Photographers from California|Women centenarians |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。