词条 | Iḍāfah | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Iḍāfah ({{lang|ar|إِضَافَة}}) is an Arabic grammatical structure, mostly used to indicate possession. Idāfa basically entails putting one noun after another: the second noun specifies more precisely the nature of the first noun. In forms of Arabic which mark grammatical case, this second noun must be in the genitive case. The construction is typically equivalent to the English construction "(noun) of (noun)". It is a very widespread way of forming possessive constructions in Arabic,[1] and is typical of a Semitic language.[2] Simple examples include:
TerminologyThe Arabic grammatical terminology for this construction derives from the verb {{lang|ar|أضاف}} ʼaḍāfa "he added, attached", verb form IV from the hollow root {{lang|ar|ض ي ف}} ḍ y f.[3][4]
Kinds of relationship expressedThe range of relationships between the first and second elements of the idafah construction is very varied, though usually consists of some relationship of possession or belonging.[6] In the case of words for containers, the iḍāfah may express what is contained: {{lang|ar|فِنْجَانُ قَهْوَةٍ}} {{transl|ar|finjānu qahwatin}} "a cup of coffee". The iḍāfah may indicate the material something is made of: {{lang|ar|خَاتَمُ خَشَبٍ}} {{transl|ar|khātamu khashabin}} "a wooden ring, ring made of wood". In many cases the two members become a fixed coined phrase, the idafah being used as the equivalent of a compound noun used in some Indo-European languages such as English. Thus {{lang|ar|بَيْتُ ٱلطَّلَبَةِ}} {{transl|ar|baytu al-ṭalabati}} can mean "house of the (certain, known) students", but is also the normal term for "the student hostel". Forming iḍāfah constructionsFirst termThe first term in iḍāfah has the following characteristics:[7]
Second termThe second term in iḍāfah has the following characteristics when it is a noun:[8]
Three or more termsiḍāfah constructions of multiple terms are possible, and in such cases, all but the final term are in the construct state, and all but the first member are in the genitive case. For example: {{lang|ar|سَرْقةُ جَوَازِ سَفَرِ أِحَدِ اللَاعِبِينَ}} {{transl|ar|sarqatu jawāzi safari ’aḥadi l-laa‘ibīna}} "the theft of the passport [literally "license of journey"] of one of the athletes".[9]Indicating definiteness in iḍāfah constructionsThe iḍāfah construction as a whole is a noun phrase. It can be considered indefinite or definite only as a whole. An idafah construction is definite if the second noun is definite, by having the article or being the proper name of a place or person. The construction is indefinite if it the second noun is indefinite. Thus idafah can express senses equivalent to:
But it cannot express a sense equivalent to 'the house of a director': this sense has to be expressed with a prepositional phrase, using a preposition such as {{lang|ar|لـِـ}} {{transl|ar|li-}}. For example:
Adjectives and other modifiers in iḍāfahNothing (except a demonstrative determiner) can appear between the two nouns in iḍāfah. If an adjective modifies the first noun, it appears at the end of the iḍāfah. Modifying the first termAn adjective modifying the first noun appears at the end of the iḍāfah and agrees with the noun it describes in number, gender, case, and definiteness (the latter of which is determined by the last noun of the iḍāfah).[12]
Modifying the last termAn adjective modifying the last term appears at the end of the iḍāfah and agrees with the noun it describes in number, gender, definiteness, and case (which is always genitive).
Modifying both termsIf both terms in the idāfa are modified, the adjective modifying the last term is set closest to the idāfa, and the adjective modifying the first term is set further away.[13] For example: {{lang|ar|مَجْمَعٌ اللُغَة العَرَبِيَّةِ الأُرْدُنِيٌّ}} {{transl|ar|majma‘i-u l-lughat-i l-‘arabiyyat-i l-’urduniyy-u}} "the Jordanian Arabic Language Academy" (literally "academy (of) the-language the-Arabic the-Jordanian") Iḍāfah constructions using pronounsThe possessive suffix can also take the place of the second noun of an {{transl|ar|iḍāfah}} construction, in which case it is considered definite. Indefinite possessed nouns are also expressed via a preposition. {{lang|ar|صَدِيقَتُهَا}} {{transl|ar|ṣadīqatu-hā}} "her friend" {{lang|ar|صَدِيقَتُهَا ٱلْجَدِيدَةُ}} {{transl|ar|ṣadīqatu-hā l-jadīdatu}} "her new friend" {{lang|ar|صَدِيقَةٌ لَهَا}} {{transl|ar|ṣadīqatun la-hā}} "a friend of hers" {{lang|ar|صَدِيقَةٌ جَدِيدَةٌ لَهَا}} {{transl|ar|ṣadīqatun jadīdatun la-hā}} "a new friend of hers" References1. ^Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 205-24 [§8.1]. 2. ^Adam Pospíšil, '[https://dspace.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/76386/BPTX_2011_2_11210_0_313970_0_126955.pdf?sequence=1 The Idafa construction in Arabic and its morphosyntactic behaviour]' (unpublished BA thesis, Univerzita Karlova v Praze, 2015), §7.1. 3. ^Hans Wehr, Dictionary of Modern Standard Arabic: {{lang|ar|)ضيف( ضاف}} ḍāfa 4. ^Faruk Abu-Chacra, Arabic: An Essential Grammar: p. 61 5. ^Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 205 [§8.1]. 6. ^Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 206-11 [§8.1.1]. 7. ^Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 211-12 [§8.1.2.1]. 8. ^Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 212-13 [§8.1.2.2]. 9. ^Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 215-16 [§8.1.5]. 10. ^Adam Pospíšil, '[https://dspace.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/76386/BPTX_2011_2_11210_0_313970_0_126955.pdf?sequence=1 The Idafa construction in Arabic and its morphosyntactic behaviour]' (unpublished BA thesis, Univerzita Karlova v Praze, 2015), §3.2.3. 11. ^J. A. Haywood, H. M. Nahmad. A New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language. Pages 36-37. 12. ^Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 213 [§8.1.3.1]. 13. ^Karin C. Ryding, A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 214 [§8.1.3.3]. 2 : Arabic grammar|Genitive construction |
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