“Jack Monroe”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Jack Monroe (born 17 March 1988)^[2] is a British food writer, journalist and activist known for campaigning on poverty issues, particularly hunger relief. Monroe initially rose to prominence for writing a blog titled A Girl Called Jack (now renamed Cooking on a Bootstrap), and has since written for publications such as The Echo, The Huffington Post, The Guardian, and The New Yorker, as well as publishing several cookbooks focusing on "austerity recipes" and meals which can be made on a tight budget.

Early life

Monroe was born in Southend-on-Sea to David Hadjicostas, MBE, and Evelyn (née Beatty) Hadjicostas, a former nurse. Monroe's father is of Greek-Cypriot heritage; he was in the British Army for seven years and in the fire service for thirty years.^[3]^[4]^[5] He was awarded an MBE in 2007 Birthday Honours for services to children and families.^[6] Monroe has three siblings.^[4]^[7]

Described as coming from a working-class background,^[9] Monroe passed the 11-plus examinations and attended Westcliff High School for Girls, a grammar school in Westcliff-on-Sea, before leaving at age 16, "bullied and disillusioned",^[9] with insufficient GCSEs to progress to A-level (either 4 and a half or 7, according to different sources).^[8]^[1]

Monroe left home and began working in a chip shop, before taking a job as a call handler for Essex County Fire and Rescue Service. After having a child, Monroe was unable to arrange the work around childcare responsibilities, and was unable to negotiate adjustments to her working pattern to make continued employment feasible. Monroe resigned the post after serving between 2007 and 2011. After leaving the fire service, Monroe began going by the forename Jack – being short for "Jack of all trades".^[9]^[8]^[10] She spent the following 18 months on benefits and looking for work, and moved from relative affluence to poverty and financial hardship.^[11]^[12]^[8]^[13]^[14]

Career

Writing

Monroe came to prominence in the media through writing the blog A Girl Called Jack, sharing cheap recipes created as a single parent with a young child, and aiming to provide family meals for less than £10 per week.^[15] In December 2015, the blog was renamed to Cooking on a Bootstrap.

In 2012, Monroe became a weekly columnist for The Echo,^[16] a south Essex daily newspaper, and in February 2013, was taken on by the same as a trainee reporter – the timing was fortunate, as she was having difficulty affording nursery fees. Monroe was later retained as an unpaid columnist for The Huffington Post, before signing a publishing deal with Penguin Group.^[17] The book deal, reported as worth £25,000, resulted in housing benefit being cut off and Monroe came close to being evicted, which led to moving into cheaper accommodation. Despite working every day, she was unable to make ends meet.^[9] By January 2014, finances had improved, and Monroe was able to move into a small two-bedroom flat with her son.^[13]

Monroe formerly wrote a twice-monthly food and recipe column for The Guardian^[18] and additionally contributed a number of political columns, as well as being featured in The New York Times and The New Yorker. Monroe has written several budget cooking recipe books.^[19]^[20]

Campaigning and politics

Monroe has been an active campaigner for a number of causes in the UK, particularly those concerned with poverty and hunger, campaigning alongside organisations such as Unite, The Trussell Trust, Child Poverty Action Group and Oxfam.^[21]^[22]

In 2013, Monroe appeared in a six-week advertising campaign for Sainsbury's supermarket.^[23] Monroe accepted the equivalent of the living wage for the six weeks that the campaign ran and donated the remainder of the fee to charities including a food bank.^[24]

In 2013, Monroe was ranked No. 19 in The Independent on Sunday{{'}}s Pink List of influential LGBT people in the United Kingdom.^[25]

Monroe was a supporter of the Labour Party, and appeared in a Labour campaign video in October 2013.^[26] She left the party in March 2015 after disagreeing with its rhetoric on immigration,^[27] and became a member of the Green Party of England and Wales.^[28]

In November 2014, Monroe said on Twitter that David Cameron "uses stories about his dead son as misty-eyed rhetoric to legitimise selling our NHS to his friends".^[29] The Daily Mail journalist Sarah Vine (wife of the senior Conservative politician Michael Gove) criticised Monroe for using the death of Cameron's son for political purposes and "choosing" a life of poverty. The Independent described this as a "caustic attack", and Monroe replied on Twitter that the column was "homophobic, transphobic, deadnaming [and] ignorant".^[30]

In 2015, Monroe won the Women of the Future Award in the media category. Monroe was "surprised", saying "I'm not sure I'll even be a woman in the future".^[31] The award was won after Monroe came out as non-binary, which created some controversy. The subsequent "gender debate" angered Monroe and she questioned the headlines of some newspapers, saying "Because of my trans identity, I'm attacked for accepting a real woman's award."^[32]^[33]

In April 2016, Monroe appeared online supporting the Women's Equality Party.^[34]

In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Monroe intended to stand in Southend West as a candidate for the National Health Action Party,^[35] but withdrew after receiving death threats and because of health problems caused by arthritis.^[36]

Speaking in 2014, Monroe described life as having "changed beyond recognition", but said that she is still affected by her experience of poverty.^[19] The University of Essex announced in May 2015 that it would be awarding Monroe an honorary degree.^[37] Monroe appeared on BBC television's late night political programme This Week in June 2015.^[38]

Personal life

Monroe came out as non-binary in October 2015,^[11] and goes by both "she" and "they" pronouns.^[39] She has said she did not change her name to Jack while still working at the fire service out of concern over "the potential for deadnaming and bullying in a not-particularly-tolerant organisation. Not a great place to be gay, let alone genderqueer." She also did not take part in a fire service passing out ceremony because protocol would have required her to wear a skirt.^[40] During this period, Monroe also had a brief relationship with a close male friend, which resulted in a son.^[41] She also had a long-term relationship with a woman, which ended shortly after Monroe told her partner she was considering a mastectomy.^[40]

Monroe had previously identified as a cisgender lesbian, and prior to coming out as non-binary was careful to downplay any suggestions of gender ambiguity; in a February 2014 interview, she described herself as a "lefty, liberal, lezzer cook" who had reassured her parents that she identified as female. "I was like, no, I'm a little bit tomboyish, a little bit butch. But I have no immediate plans to transition."^[13]

In 2014, it was reported that Monroe and her son were living with Monroe's then-girlfriend Allegra McEvedy and McEvedy's daughter in London; the relationship ended in October 2015.^[42]

In January 2019, Monroe revealed that she was recovering from alcoholism, discussing how drinking had impacted upon her work and personal life.^[43]

In January 2019, Monroe announced her engagement to her partner, Louisa Compton.^[44]

Legal action

Monroe initiated legal action in 2015 after the Daily Mail claimed that "Jack" was not her "real" name,^[40] and has requested that her birth name not be used by the media.^[11]

In 2017, Monroe won a libel case against newspaper columnist and television personality Katie Hopkins, after Hopkins suggested on Twitter that Monroe was supportive of vandalism of a war memorial, having confused Monroe with journalist Laurie Penny. Instead of apologising, Hopkins then labelled Monroe "social anthrax". The High Court awarded Monroe £24,000 in damages plus costs.^[45]^[46]^[47]

Bibliography

Cookery books

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://cookingonabootstrap.com/2014/05/07/jack-monroe-biography|title=About Jack|first=Jack|last=Monroe|date=7 May 2014|work=Cooking on a Bootstrap}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MxJackMonroe/status/840955288500998144|title=THIS IS WHAT MY LOCAL CHURCH ARE DOING ON MY BIRTHDAY I'M GONNA GO AND I DON'T EVEN HAVE A CAT|first=Jack|last=Monroe|website=Twitter|accessdate=31 May 2015}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/katie-hopkins-sued-by-jack-monroe-over-vandalism-accusation-tweet-a6819906.html|title=Jack Monroe sues Katie Hopkins for vandalism accusation tweet|author=Olivia Blair|date=19 January 2016|work=The Independent}}
4. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://essexsafeguarding.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/esab-introducing.html|title=The safeguarding blog: ESAB Introducing...David Hadjicostas MBE – Essex County Fire & Rescue Service|work=essexsafeguarding.blogspot.co.uk|accessdate=27 July 2015}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/10800647.Death_threats__sexism_and_online_abuse___three_Essex_women_tell_us_of_the_downside_to_overnight_success_on_TV/|title=Death threats, sexism and online abuse...three Essex women tell us of the downside to overnight success on TV|work=The Echo|accessdate=27 July 2015}}
6. ^{{London Gazette|issue=58358|page=17|date=16 June 2007}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/sep/01/children|title=The toughest love|author=Joanna Moorhead|date=September 2004|newspaper=the Guardian}}
8. ^¹²{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/9900773/My-49p-lunch-with-a-girl-called-Jack.html|title=My 49p lunch with a girl called Jack|date=4 March 2013|work=The Daily Telegraph}}
9. ^¹²³{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/jul/23/jack-monroe-face-modern-poverty|title=Jack Monroe: the face of modern poverty|author=Patrick Butler|newspaper=the Guardian|date=2013-07-23}}
10. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/feb/16/jack-monroe-taste-of-success|title=Jack Monroe enjoys the taste of success but she won't let it go to her head|last=Fisher|first=Lucy|date=2014-02-16|work=The Observer|access-date=2019-01-23|language=en-GB|issn=0029-7712}}
11. ^¹²Monroe, Jack. {{cite web|url=http://cookingonabootstrap.com/2015/10/22/please-dont-call-me-a-girl-called-jack-i-have-something-to-tell-you|title=Please don't call me A Girl Called Jack. I have something to tell you.|date=22 October 2015|work=COOKING ON A BOOTSTRAP|accessdate=23 October 2015}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/nov/01/richard-littlejohn-wrong-about-jack-monroe-daily-mail|title=Dear Richard Littlejohn – here are all the things you got wrong about me|work=The Guardian|accessdate=12 August 2015}}
13. ^¹²{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/feb/16/jack-monroe-taste-of-success|title=Jack Monroe enjoys the taste of success but she won't let it go to her head|last=Fisher|first=Lucy|work=The Guardian|accessdate=27 July 2015}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://agirlcalledjack.com/2012/08/23/unemployed-mum-sells-off-belongings-essex-enquirer|title=Unemployed Mum Sells Off Belongings – Essex Enquirer|last=Monroe|first=Jack|date=23 August 2012|work=A Girl Called Jack|accessdate=22 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202000141/http://agirlcalledjack.com/2012/08/23/unemployed-mum-sells-off-belongings-essex-enquirer|archivedate=2 February 2013|via=Wayback Machine}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jul/20/10-pound-a-week-recipes|title=How to eat on £10 a week: the shopping list and the recipes|first=Jack|last=Monroe|date=20 July 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=12 August 2015}}
16. ^{{cite news|title=Jack is Essex girl at her best|work=The Echo|date=1 November 2012}} [https://oursouthend.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/20121101-110024.jpg Part 1], [https://oursouthend.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/20121101-110058.jpg Part 2].
17. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/jack-monroe-who-fed-son-1897691|title=Mum who fed son on £10 a week lands book deal for her breadline recipes|work=Daily Mirror|date=19 May 2013|first=Pamela|last=Owen|accessdate=12 August 2015}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/series/austerity-bites|title=Austerity bites|first=Jack|last=Monroe|work=The Guardian|accessdate=3 May 2014}}
19. ^¹{{cite news|title=Five recipes from Jack Monroe's new cookbook|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/sep/11/jack-monroe-five-recipes-new-cookbook|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=12 August 2015|first=Jack|last=Monroe|date=2014-09-11}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Jack Monroe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/jack-monroe|work=The Guardian|accessdate=12 August 2015}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cpag.org.uk/ambassadors/jack-monroe|title=Child Poverty Action Group Ambassadors – Jack Monroe|publisher=CPAG}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/blog/author/jack-monroe|title=Oxfam Policy and Practice Blog – Jack Monroe|work=Oxfam}}
23. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/dec/15/jack-monroe-sainsburys-campaign-leftovers-love-your-roast|title=Jack Monroe to front Sainsbury's ad campaign|last1=Smithers|first1=Rebecca|date=15 December 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=16 March 2017}}
24. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/17/jack-monroe-sainsburys-advert-blog|title=Why doing a Sainsbury's advert doesn't make me a sellout|last1=Monroe|first1=Jack|date=17 December 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=16 March 2017}}
25. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/the-independent-on-sundays-pink-list-2013-8876183.html|title=The Independent on Sunday's Pink List 2013|date=13 October 2013|newspaper=The Independent on Sunday|accessdate=1 November 2013}}
26. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/mar/17/jack-monroe-joins-green-party|title=Jack Monroe joins Green party|author=Perraudin, Frances|date=17 March 2015|work=The Guardian|accessdate=31 October 2015}}
27. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-supporter-jack-monroe-switches-allegiance-to-green-party-10114989.html?dkd|title=Labour supporter Jack Monroe switches allegiance to Green Party|last1=Roisin|first1=O'Connor|date=18 March 2015|work=The Independent|accessdate=31 October 2015}}
28. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/beulah-maud-devaney/jack-monroe-green-party_b_6892200.html|title=Reaction to Jack Monroe Demonstrates How Women's Political Views are Still Dismissed|work=The Huffington Post|accessdate=25 April 2015}}
29. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/jack-monroe-david-cameron-uses-stories-about-his-dead-son-as-misty-eyed-rhetoric-to-legitimise-nhs-9879063.html|title=Jack Monroe: David Cameron 'uses stories about his dead son as misty-eyed rhetoric' to legitimise NHS privatisation|last1=Selby|first1=Jenn|date=24 November 2014|accessdate=16 March 2017}}
30. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/sarah-vine-on-jack-monroe-being-a-lesbian-mother-if-she-was-unsure-about-her-sexuality-she-should-have-taken-greater-precautions-9882054.html|title=Sarah Vine criticises lesbian mother Jack Monroe: 'If she was unsure about her sexuality, she should have taken greater precautions'|date=25 November 2014|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 July 2015|location=London}}
31. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/10/28/jack-monroe-wins-woman-future-award-coming-out-transgender_n_8405608.html|title=Jack Monroe Wins Woman Of The Future Award After Coming Out As Transgender|work=The Huffington Post|accessdate=14 June 2016}}
32. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/29/binary-gender-feminism-transgender-womens-award|title=We're all a bit non-binary inside. So why do we segregate by gender?|date=29 October 2015|work=The Guardian|accessdate=14 June 2016}}
33. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/jack-monroe-on-coming-out-as-transgender-i-will-always-be-on-the-girls-team-a3109951.html|title=Jack Monroe on coming out as transgender: 'I will always be on the girls' team'|date=9 November 2015|work=The Standard|accessdate=14 June 2016}}
34. ^{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um5wcNHDPYY|title=Jack Monroe: Give half your votes to equality on 5 May – WE think that's fair #VoteWE|date=27 April 2016|publisher=Women's Equality Channel|accessdate=28 April 2016|medium=Video|via=YouTube}}
35. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-39672439|title=Katie Hopkins libel-win blogger Jack Monroe to stand in Southend|date=21 April 2017|accessdate=22 April 2017|publisher=BBC News}}
36. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/11/jack-monroe-abandons-bid-to-become-an-mp|title=Jack Monroe abandons bid to become an MP|date=11 May 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=12 May 2017|agency=Press Association}}
37. ^{{cite news|title=Honorary Graduands Announced|url=http://www.essex.ac.uk/news/event.aspx?e_id=7677|accessdate=12 May 2015|publisher=University of Essex|date=12 May 2015}}
38. ^{{Cite news|title=Jack Monroe Clashes With Michael Portillo Over Child Poverty Amid 'Up The Duff' Benefits Row|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/06/26/jack-monroe-clashes-michael-portillo-child-poverty-benefits_n_7669336.html|work=The Huffington Post|first=Sara C|last=Nelson|date=26 June 2015|accessdate=12 August 2015}}
39. ^{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/bootstrapcook/status/1012358887972974599?lang=en|title=I usually have pronouns in my bio - she/they|last=Monroe|first=Jack|date=2018-06-28|website=@bootstrapcook|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}
40. ^¹²{{cite news|last1=Monroe|first1=Jack|title=Being non-binary: I'm not A Girl Called Jack any more, but I'm not a boy either|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2015/10/being-non-binary-i-m-not-girl-called-jack-any-more-i-m-not-boy-either|accessdate=31 October 2015|work=New Statesman|date=20 October 2015}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://8stepsfromshore.wordpress.com/2015/11/16/jack-monroe|title=Jack Monroe|work=8 steps from shore}}
42. ^{{cite news|last1=Lamont|first1=Tom|title=OFM awards 2014 best food blog: Jack Monroe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/oct/19/-sp-ofm-awards-2014-best-food-blog-jack-monroe|accessdate=25 November 2014|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=19 October 2014}}
43. ^{{cite web |last1=Monroe |first1=Jack |title=My name is Jack Monroe, and I’m an alcoholic. But now I’m recovering… |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/jan/05/jack-monroe-i-am-an-alcoholic-mea-culpa |website=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |accessdate=5 January 2019}}
44. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodtoknow.co.uk/wellbeing/relationships/relationship-news/jack-monroe-engaged-476298|title=Jack Monroe announces engagement to partner Louisa Compton|last=Badkar|first=Aleesha|date=2019-01-21|website=GoodtoKnow|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-23}}
45. ^[https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/judgments/judgment-monroe-v-hopkins/ Judgment: Monroe -v- Hopkins], HM Courts and Tribunal Service 2017.
46. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/mar/10/jack-monroe-wins-twitter-libel-case-against-katie-hopkins|title=Jack Monroe wins Twitter libel case against Katie Hopkins|work=The Guardian|first=Maev|last=Kennedy|date=10 March 2017}}
47. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/10/writer-jack-monroe-wins-24k-damages-columnist-katie-hopkins/|title=Writer Jack Monroe wins £24k damages from columnist Katie Hopkins over 'war memorial' tweets|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=10 March 2017}}