1. Background

2. Plan

3. Detection of the plot

4. Aftermath

5. Political consequences

6. Notes

The Jacobite assassination plot 1696 was an unsuccessful attempt led by George Barclay to ambush and kill William III of England in early 1696.

Background

One of a series of plots by Jacobites to reverse the Glorious Revolution of 1688–9, the plot of 1696 had been preceded by the "Ailesbury plot" of 1691–2. Strictly the "Fenwick plot" of 1695 is distinct from the assassination plot of 1696. The successor was the proposed French invasion of Scotland of 1708.^[1]

Plan

The plot was based on William III's habitual movements, on returning from hunting. On the south bank of the River Thames, at Kew, he would take a ferry that would bring him to the north bank, on a lane that ran from Turnham Green to Brentford (at this period these places were not built up, and lay west of the London conurbation).^[4]

Barclay's plan depended on surprising William in his coach, and his armed escort. It was intended to use three parties of armed men, one to capture the king, and the others to deal with his guards.^[5] A point was chosen on the lane which was narrow enough so that the royal coach and six horses would not be able to manoeuvre.^[6]

The plot was prepared and its armed men were ready to act on 15 February and 22 February 1696. One party was under the command of Ambrose Rookwood.^[5]

Detection of the plot

The ramifications of the plot proved more troublesome to Vernon. Fenwick defended himself actively by trying to implicate Lord Godolphin, the Duke of Shrewsbury, the Earl of Marlborough, and the Earl of Orford. These charges led into the heart of the Junto, and Shrewsbury was Vernon's immediate superior.^[9] To add to the awkward position, this group of Whigs had in fact been in correspondence with James II at St Germain.^[10]

Aftermath

The attempt did not take place on either day when the plotters were in position, and on 23 February a proclamation was made against them.^[5] A number of Jacobites connected to Fenwick, but not involved in the plot were arrested, including James Grahme on 3 March, Thomas and Bevil Higgons; they were later released.^{[11][12][12][13]} On 21 March, Thomas Bruce, 2nd Earl of Ailesbury, another not directly involved in the plot was taken to the Tower of London, where he was kept until February 1697.^[14] Viscount Montgomery went into hiding after being named in a proclamation; he gave himself up on 15 December and was held in Newgate Prison for about seven months.^[15]

A long sequence of trials related to the plot began in March.^[16] The 1695 Treason Act made the date of arrest crucial in determining whether the accused were entitled to defense counsel; this was denied to Friend, Parkyns and Charnock when Sir John Holt enforced the letter of the law.^[17] Sentenced to death, Friend and Parkyns were attended by three Non-Juror priests, Jeremy Collier, Shadrach Cook and William Snatt and immediately prior to the execution on 13 April, the clergymen declared the two absolved of their sins. In doing so, they effectively declared the conspirators to be correct in their actions, whilst also performing a rite that was not recognised by the Church of England.^[18] This caused a considerable furore; Collier went into hiding and was outlawed, while Cook and Snatt were tried, found guilty but later released.^[19][20]

Constantijn Huygens, William's personal secretary, records in his Diary; 'I was in doubt whether to watch the execution of Friend and Parkyns, but being on my way from Kensington, I saw the spectators walking away and so returned home.'^[21] He also mentions pamphlets on the trial were already for sale in the streets.

Rookwood and others, who had counsel, were executed in April; in total, nine Jacobite activists were put to death.^[22] Sir John Fenwick was convicted on a bill of attainder, and executed on 28 January 1697.^[23] Robert Cassels, Robert Meldrum, James Counter, James Chambers, Robert Blackbourn, and Major John Bernardi were detained without trial; other than Counter, none were released, the last survivor, Bernardi, dying in 1736 while still in Newgate.^[24]

Political consequences

In political terms, the unmasked plot strengthened the hand of the Whig Junto in dealing with the Country Party, and in asking parliament to vote money.^[25] The House of Commons agreed to the swearing of an "association", in effect a loyalty oath to the king; and it was argued that William's preservation was divine providence, undermining the view that he had only been entitled to the English throne in the lifetime of the late Queen Mary.^[26]

Notes

• Paleogenetics
• Paleogeography
• Paleogeology
• Paleogeomorphology
• Paleographer
• Paleography
• Paleo-Hebrew
• Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
• Paleo-indian
• Paleoindian
• Paleo indian
• Paleo-Indian
• Paleo-indians
• Paleo-Indians
• Paleoindians
• Paleolibertarian
• Paleolibertarianism
• Paleo-libertarianism
• Paleolithic
• Paleolithic age
• Paleolithic Art
• Paleolithic Continuity Theory
• Paleolithic diet
• Paleolithic Period
• Paleolithic period