| 词条 | Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg | |||
| 释义 |
| name = Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg | image = Barbeu du Bourg Jacques 1709-1799.jpg | caption = | birth_date = 12 February 1709 | birth_place = present-day Mayenne, France | death_date = 14 December 1779 (Age 70) | death_place = Paris, France | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = Physician, botanist, writer, translator and publisher | nationality = French }} Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg (12 February 1709 – 14 December 1779) was a French physician, botanist, writer, translator and publisher known for translating Benjamin Franklin's work into French and for inventing a gentlemen's umbrella fitted with a lightning conductor.[1] He designed a method of histographic visualizations which he called the Carte chronographique. LifeHe first embarked on theological studies, but abandoned this to devote his life to science.[1] He studied medicine in Paris and obtained a doctorate in 1748.[3] He was a keen follower of the work of Benjamin Franklin, and they maintained a regular friendly correspondence. He translated some of Franklin's early experimental work into French in 1762 and published it in Gazette d'Epidaure, his medical journal.[4] He went on to publish his French translation of Franklin's Observations and Experiments in 1773.[1] Barbeu-Dubourg's "umbrella-lightning rod", an umbrella fitted with a tall spike and trailing chain, was designed to give the same protection for gentlemen as was sought by ladies of the time who wore lightning conductors on their hats.[6] Barbeu-Dubourg was a member of the Royal Society of Medicine in Paris, the Medical Society of London and the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia.[4] He wrote numerous books and papers, including:
During the American Revolution the French government appointed Barbeu-Dubourg to act as secret intermediary to offer support to the Americans, but he was soon deemed unsuitable for the task and replaced by Beaumarchais. As Streeter Bass recounts, "He was too old, he lacked business acumen, and – more serious in a venture of this nature – he was insecure and garrulous."[11] Barbeu-Dubourg wrote the article ″Chronologique″ for the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert.[2] He died in 1779 in Paris and his ashes were buried in the chapel of Saint-Symphorien church in Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Carte chronographiqueThe Chronographie universelle & details qui en dependent pour la Chronologie & les Genealogies abbreviated to Carte chronographique was the first synchronoptical visualisation which attempted to map world history from the Garden of Eden to the Age of Enlightenment.[3] GalleryReferences1. ^{{cite web|url=http://dictionnaire-journalistes.gazettes18e.fr/journaliste/029-jacques-barbeu-du-bourg |title=Dictionnaire des journalistes (1600-1789), 029 Jacques BARBEU DU BOURG (1709-1779) |publisher=dictionnaire-journalistes.gazettes18e.fr|accessdate=2015-04-12}} [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~ferguson/PULC_1991_duBourg.pdf |author=Stephen Ferguson|title=The 1753 Carte chronographique of Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg |publisher=princeton.edu|accessdate=2015-04-12}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Schmidt-Burkhardt|first1=Astrit|title=Learning in the Age of Enlightenment|url=http://georgemaciunas.com/exhibitions/knowledge-as-art-chance-computability-and-improving-education-thomas-bayes-alan-turing-george-maciunas/george-maciunas/maciunas-learning-machine-learning-in-the-age-of-enlightenment-by-astrit-schmidt-burkhardt/|website=http://georgemaciunas.com/|publisher=George Maciunas Foundation Inc.|accessdate=2015-10-10}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|author=Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg|title=Petit Code de la raison humaine ou exposition succinte de ce que la raison humaine dicte à tous les hommes pour éclairer leur conduite et assurer leur bonheur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJ09AAAAcAAJ|accessdate=2011-03-27|year=1789}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol14no1/pdf/v14i1a01p.pdf|title=Beaumarchais and the American Revolution|author=Streeter Bass|accessdate=2011-03-27}} 6. ^1 Jacques Barbeu du Bourg, Retrieved 2011-03-27{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=August 2015}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.imagestate.com/Preview/PreviewPage.aspx?id=2502153&licenseType=RM&from=search&back=2502153&orntn=1|title=The portable lightning rod, or the umbrella-lightning rod of Barbeu-Dubourg, 19th century|work=imagestate|accessdate=2011-03-27}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 8. ^1 {{cite book|last=Healey|first=Tim|title=Extraordinary Inventions|publisher=Reader's Digest Association Limited|year=1983|page=14}} 9. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Daniel Rosenberg|author2=Anthony Grafton|title=Cartographies of Time: A History of the Timeline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBzI64enXZwC&pg=PA112|accessdate=2011-03-27|date=3 March 2010|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|isbn=978-1-56898-763-7|pages=112–}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/imagePopUpDetails.html?pop=1&id=670072483&pviewid=&country=10&search=revolution&matchtype=EXACT|title=Umbrella fitted with lightning conductor|work=Science Photo Library|accessdate=2011-03-27}} }}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Barbeu-Dubourg, Jacques}} 14 : French botanists|French translators|1709 births|1799 deaths|English–French translators|Translators to French|Contributors to the Encyclopédie (1751–72)|French people of the American Revolution|Members of the American Philosophical Society|People from Mayenne|Burials at the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés|18th-century French botanists|18th-century French journalists|18th-century French physicians |
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