“Ryan ST”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Ryan STs were a series of two seat, low-wing monoplane aircraft built in the United States by the Ryan Aeronautical Company. They were used as sport aircraft, as well as trainers by flying schools and the militaries of several countries.

Design and development

The ST featured two open cockpits in tandem in a semi-monocoque metal fuselage of two main frames – one steel, the other half of steel and half of aluminium alloy (alclad) – to take the loads from the wing spars and six more alclad frames; and alclad skin.^[3] It had wings in three sections of hybrid construction; the center section integral with the fuselage had tubular steel spars, the front spar a simple tube with an external brace to the upper fuselage, and the rear spar in the form of a parallel chord truss.^[3] The two outer wing panels had wooden spars and alclad ribs, with diagonal rods bracing the wings internally. Alclad sheet was used to form the leading edges, and fabric covered the whole structure. When attached, the outer wings were braced with flying wires to the fixed conventional landing gear and landing wires to the upper fuselage.^[3]

Five STs were built, each powered with a 95HP Menasco B4 engine ^[4] before the follow-on ST-A (A for Aerobatic) was developed with a more powerful 125HP Menasco C4 engine. A single ST-B was produced, this being an ST-A with only one seat and an extra fuel tank where the front cockpit normally was; this aircraft was subsequently converted back to ST-A standard.^[5] The ST-A was further developed as the ST-A Special, with a super-charged 150HP Menasco C4-S engine of increased power.

In 1937 the ST-A Special was developed into a military version, the STM (also ST-M) series. The first STMs were virtually identical to the STA-Special. The STM-2 was derived from the STM with changes including wider cockpits to enable military pilots to enter and exit while wearing parachutes, external stringers, and provision for a machine gun on some examples.^[4] Variants in the series included the STM-2P single-seat version armed with a machine gun delivered to Nationalist China; and the STM-S2, which could be fitted with landing gear or with EDO Model 1965 floats.^[3]^[6]

After the ST-M came the ST-3, a substantial redesign in 1941 partly brought about by the unreliability of the Menasco engines fitted to STs to that point. The United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) had purchased several dozen ST-M variants under various designations and had Ryan Aeronautical re-engine most with Kinner R-440 radial engines.^[4]^[12] The USAAC found the modification to be beneficial and asked Ryan Aeronautical to design a variant with this engine as standard, and with airframe modifications considered desirable from in-service experience. The ST-3 that resulted featured a longer and more circular wider fuselage, this being suggested by the circular radial engine. Other changes included a revised rudder, balanced ailerons and elevators, and strengthened main landing gear with the legs spaced further apart. The streamlining spats covering the mainwheels, found on ST series aircraft to that point, were deleted as well.^[1] The ST-3 served as the basis for military versions ordered by the USAAC and the United States Navy (USN).^[4]^[7]

The ST-3 gave rise to another model developed in 1941 and early 1942, this was the ST-3KR (for Kinner Radial). The ST-3KR had a more powerful Kinner R-5 engine fitted and became the definitive model; more than 1,000 military versions were built during World War II as PT-22 Recruits.^[4] The final variant was the ST-4, which was a version of the ST-3 with a wooden fuselage, developed in case a shortage of "strategic materials" (i.e. of metal) developed. Such a shortage did not eventuate and the ST-4 was not put into mass-production.^[4]

Some U.S. Navy versions of the ST-3, the NR-1, were converted to specialized ground trainers to teach cadets how to taxi aircraft when on the ground or after landing, and especially in crosswinds. The main wing was clipped back to the landing gear; a small nose wheel added to prevent ground loops; a roll cage between cockpits to protect the pilot and cadet; and the throttle modified so the engine could not go over a certain RPM.^[8]

The first Ryan ST flew for the first time on 8 June 1934^[1] and production began the following year, when nine aircraft were delivered.^[12] Except for 1937 (when 46 aircraft were built), production rates remained low for several years, at about one aircraft every two weeks. This changed in 1940 when deliveries to military forces began in earnest; production that year was just under three aircraft per week.^[12] Total production of civil and military aircraft prior to the entry of the United States into World War II amounted to 315.^[12]^[9] Another 1,253 military versions were produced in 1942 and 1943, for a total of 1,568 aircraft of all models.^[10]

Operational history

Most civil aircraft in the ST series were delivered in the United States, although a few were exported to South Africa, Australia and various countries in Latin America. An example of the ST-A was procured by the USAAC in 1939 for evaluation as the XPT-16. This was followed by 15 YPT-16s, the first time the USAAC had ordered a monoplane trainer. These were the first of more than 1,000 Ryan STs to serve the USAAC, its successor, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) and the USN.^[11]^[12]

A large number of STMs were exported in the 1930s and early 1940s (prior to the entry of the United States into World War II) to various air forces, with the biggest customer being the military of the Netherlands East Indies (NEI, now Indonesia). The NEI Army and Navy took delivery of 84 STM-2s and 24 STM-S2s in 1940 and early 1941.^[1]^[13]^[9]{{#tag:ref|Orphan is in disagreement with the other sources. In the article, "The Ryan ST in Australia", he quotes different numbers to each arm and a different mix of the two types (60 STM-2s to the NEI Army and 48 STM-S2s to the NEI Navy) but the same overall number of deliveries.^[6]|group=N}} Another 50 STM-2Es and STM-2Ps were exported to Nationalist China, while a number of STMs were exported to Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua.^[4] The STM was chosen by the South American Air-forces because of the superior performance of the super-charged Menasco engine at the high altitude airports encountered.

After the Japanese invasion of the NEI many Ryans in that country were pressed into combat, especially in reconnaissance roles, and large numbers were shot down or destroyed on the ground.^[14] Surviving STM-2s and STM-S2s that were not captured by the Japanese were shipped to Australia, where 34 entered service in the Royal Australian Air Force as trainers. Many of those that survived until the end of World War II were then placed on the civil register in Australia and elsewhere, and some are still flying more than 70 years after they were built.^[6]^[15]^[16]

Variants

Manufacturer designations

US military designations

USAAC/USAAF

USN

Operators

Specifications (ST-A)

|perfhide=
|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=150
|max speed kts=
|max speed mach=
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=127
|cruise speed kts=
|stall speed mph=42
|stall speed note=(with flaps)
|range km=
|range miles=350
|range nmi=
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=17500
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=1200
|more performance=
|avionics=
}}

Survivors

There are a number of surviving Ryan ST series aircraft remaining.^[24] The survivors range from project aircraft in various stages of completion to beautifully restored flying examples. There are remaining examples of the ST, STA, STA-Special, STM, STM-2 and PT20. Many of these restored examples have had their Menasco C4 engines replaced with Menasco D4-87 engines.^[25] This change was often because of the shortage of parts available for the C4 engine.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

See also

References

Notes

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵Russell, Stuart. "Ryan Stm-S2." New Zealand Warbirds, 2002, 2014. Retrieved: 6 March 2015.
2. ^Gunston, Bill. Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Bracken Books, 1989. {{ISBN|1-85170-199-0}}.
3. ^¹²³Holcomb, Kevin."Ryan ST Construction description." Holcomb's Aerodrome. Retrieved: 23 January 2008.
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸Taylor, M. J. H. ed. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions Ltd., 1989. {{ISBN|1-85170-324-1}}.
5. ^¹²"Ryan." Aerofiles.com, 13 March 2009. Retrieved: 23 January 2008.
6. ^¹²Orphan, Graham M. "The Ryan ST in Australia (and the survivors of the breed)". Classic Wings Downunder magazine, Volume 7, No. 4, September/October 2000, pp. 26–29. ISSN 1172-9643.
7. ^Mondey 2006, pp. 224–225.
8. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=gN8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32&dq=Popular+Mechanics+Science+installing+linoleum&source=bl&ots=yzQ02csqDv&sig=Lse7JfsqahGNEIJnDq37RIszV2g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6r4DUJ-YIIb2rAHXu-SyDA&sqi=2&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=true "Navy Planes altered to protect cadet fliers."] Popular Mechanics, December 1944, p. 32.
9. ^¹"Ryan ST serial number list." Aerofiles, 13 March 2009. Retrieved: 23 January 2008.
10. ^Donald 1997, pp. 792–793.
11. ^¹Holmes, Tony. Jane's Historic Military Aircraft Recognition Guide. London: HarperCollins, 1998. {{ISBN|0-00-472147-0}}.
12. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20130404182201/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=350 "YPT-16."] National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 16 July 2017.
13. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶"Ryan ST series pre-war production figures." airminded.net. Retrieved: 15 January 2008.
14. ^"Ryan STM-S2." Temora Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 4 August 2013.
15. ^"Ryan serials." ADF Serials. Retrieved: 23 January 2008.
16. ^Heyman, Jos. "NEI Aircraft in Australia". {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023074416/http://nei.adf-serials.com/nei-aust.pdf |date=2007-10-23 }} ADF serials, pp. 11–13. Retrieved: 23 January 2008.
17. ^"Ryan ST-A Type Certificate." FAA. Retrieved: 23 January 2008.
18. ^"Ryan ST-A Special Type Certificate." FAA. Retrieved: 23 January 2008.
19. ^"Ryan ST-3KR Type Certificate." FAA. Retrieved: 23 January 2008.
20. ^Baugher, Joe. "USAAF PT-22C Serial Number list." USAAF Serial Number lists, 26 January 2013. Retrieved: 23 January 2008..
21. ^"USAAF YPT-25 Serial Number list." USAAF Serial Number lists, 26 January 2013. Retrieved: 23 January 2008.
22. ^"Countries Index." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716224643/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/countriesindex.html |date=2012-07-16 }} World Air Forces. Retrieved: 4 August 2013.
23. ^Mayborn 1967, pp. 10, 12
24. ^http://www.flytoanothertime.com/ryanst.html
25. ^http://www.pilotweb.aero/features/flight-tests/flight-test-ryan-st-a-the-thirties-sportster-1-4641951